Phenolic compounds released and generated during hydrolysis inhibit fermentation of lignocellulose hydrolysates to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A wide variety of aromatic compounds form from lignin, which is partially degraded during acid hydrolysis of the lignocellulosic raw material. Aromatic compounds may also form as a result of sugar degradation and are present in wood as extractives. The influence of hydroxy-methoxy-benzaldehydes, diphenols/quinones, and phenylpropane derivatives on S. cerevisiae cell growth and ethanol formation was assayed using a defined medium and oxygen-limited conditions. The inhibition effected by the hydroxy-methoxy-benzaldehydes was highly dependent on the positions of the substituents. A major difference in inhibition by the oxidized and reduced form of a diphenol/quinone was observed, the oxidized form being the more inhibitory. The phenylpropane derivatives were examined with respect to difference in toxicity depending on the oxidation-reduction state of the gamma-carbon, the presence and position of unsaturated bonds in the aliphatic side chain, and the number and identity of hydroxyl and methoxyl substituents. Transformations of aromatic compounds occurring during the fermentation included aldehyde reduction, quinone reduction, and double bond saturation. Aromatic alcohols were detected as products of reductions of the corresponding aldehydes, namely hydroxy-methoxy-benzaldehydes and coniferyl aldehyde. High molecular mass compounds and the corresponding diphenol were detected as products of quinone reduction. Together with coniferyl alcohol, dihydroconiferyl alcohol was identified as a major transformation product of coniferyl aldehyde.
Objective: The purpose of the article is to carry out a descriptive analysis of the coverage of cancer in the printed editions of the two main Spanish commercial newspapers: El Mundo and El País. Methods: A descriptive method was carried out analysing the newspapers published between February 2017 and January 2018. Results: During the analysed period, El Mundo published a total of 26 pages with information related to cancer and El País 18. The news was published to a greater extent in the health and science sections, and the five most mentioned types of cancer were breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer and skin cancer. Conclusions: The coverage of cancer in El Mundo was significantly higher compared to El País, not only in the number of pages but also in the number of articles. The celebration of the World Cancer Day, which is celebrated annually on 4 February, seems to result in a greater coverage of news about the disease on that day.
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