Agricultural expansion and intensification resulted in important changes in the agricultural landscape of the Pampas region, Argentina. We used linear mixed models to analyze the relationship between environmental variables associated to land use/cover, productivity and climate and changes in densities of two bird species, the Fork-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus savana) and the White-browed Blackbird (Sturnella superciliaris). The study area in central Argentina was divided in three agroproductive sub-regions: (1) predominantly agricultural, (2) mixed agricultural– rangeland and (3) mixed agricultural–forested rangeland. Bird populations were sampled annually during 2003–2011 using point-transects along secondary roads (48 transects). Mean estimated density for Fork-tailed Flycatcher was 0.132 ind/ha, increased in the agricultural sub-region and was associated with decreasing forest cover and increasing fallow and weedy fields cover. Mean density of the White-browed Blackbird was 0.045 ind/ha, decreased in the agricultural-rangeland sub-region and increased in landscapes with more perennial pastures, fallow and weedy fields and annual pastures, avoiding sites with more forest cover. Productivity and climatic variables only showed a strong association with White-browed Blackbird density. Our results suggest that land use/cover, productivity and climatic factors are important variables when planning strategies to conserve bird population at a regional level in agroecosystems of Argentina.
Climate change is considered one of the main factors threatening biodiversity. Weather is of major importance for bird population dynamics, but the implications of climate change have only recently begun to be addressed, especially for tropical birds. For Northern Central America, climate change scenarios for 2050 predict a reduction in precipitation across the region, with decreases ranging from 4–19% of current rainfall. In this work, we addressed the relationship between temporal changes in precipitation amount and bird community dynamics in eastern tropical Guatemala, for a time period of 18 years (1993–2010). Data consisted of yearly captures and recaptures in four sites, located at elevations between 100–750 masl, and analyses were carried out for total captures and for six foraging guilds. Statistical analyses consisted of Poisson regressions, where estimated abundance (taking into account recapture probability) was modelled as a function of wet-season, dry-season, and annual rainfall, and temporal trend. We detected strong declines in total abundance and in the abundance of nectarivores, omnivores, frugivores, and, to a lesser degree, foliage insectivores. These declines were strongly associated with declines in rainfall amount, generally during the rainy season. A more comprehensive understanding of the effects of climate change on animal abundance in tropical ecosystems is strongly needed to propose conservation and management actions in these biodiverse ecosystems.
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