Natural conditions in North and Central Kazakhstan and the energy potential of chestnut soil testify to the efficiency of agriculture, especially on irrigated lands. The humus horizon of chestnut soils is 35–50 cm, and the humus content is 3.0–3.5%. The majority of the humus (75%) is contained in a half-meter layer, which emphasizes the short humus level. The phosphorus content, both gross and mobile, is very low at 0.98–0.031%. Potassium is in elevated amounts. Soils are most susceptible to the application of nitrogen–phosphorus fertilizers. According to the mechanical composition, chestnut soils are predominantly lightly loamy, light clays with substrates of souses. Salinization is low, with a salt content in the 0–100 cm soil layer of 0.10–0.20%. The mass of the arable soil layer is 1.3–1.4 g/cm3. Deep plowing and loosening of soils improve the water and nutrition regime, creating good conditions for arid agriculture. With deep autumn plowing up to 30 cm, the accumulation of sediment and spring meltwater reaches 1200–1500 m3/ha more than in spring disposal. Deep plowing ensures absorption of irrigation water, eliminates run-off during irrigation, and reduces the number of crops requiring extra irrigation. In an average dry year, at 50% water availability and 70% soil moisture content (MC), the number of irrigations is 4, and the irrigation rate is 300–470 m3/ha; at 60% MC, 2 irrigations are performed, and the irrigation rate is 600–650 m3/ha. On irrigated land, the yield of cereals is 2.8–2.6 t/ha; perennial grasses, 3.0–4.5 t/ha; potatoes, 23.2–24.1 t/ha; carrots, 35.0–40.0 t/ha; and cabbage, 50.0–75.0 t/ha.
Water resources management in the rice irrigation systems in Kazakhstan as well as water conservation and its efficient use are associated with technological processes control factors such as irrigation efficiency, layout of rice bays and their terracing. Managing technological processes in rice systems is complex, since there are significant deviations in the technological parameters of rice systems from the optimal. Therefore, in order to properly manage these processes, it is necessary to know the impact, its direction, assess the results of these impacts and develop an appropriate scientific and information base. The paper considers the impact of rice bays layout quality and terrace on the water-salt regime of soils, rice productivity and irrigation rate. Also, it proposes improvements to parameters of rice systems, water conservation, environmental situation in areas of rice cultivation and water resources management in rice systems.
Akdala rice irrigation system is located on a high above-floodplain terrace of the Ili river basin, the geological structure of the top layer of soil is represented by 50 varieties that affect the rate of water consumption and rice yield. The soils are alluvial-meadow and takyr, the lithological composition of the aeration zone soils is characterized by a wide variety, differing in mechanical composition, water-physical properties and the degree of salinity. Water filtration on sandy loam, light loam, loam with layers of sandy loam rice paddies during rice irrigation constitutes 12-17 mm/day, which provides water renewal in rice paddies and removal of salts from the root layer of the soil. Rice is grown without flow and discharge of water from rice paddies, the rice yield is 6,8 t/ha and higher. Water filtration on heavy loam, loam with layers of clay soils rice paddies during rice irrigation constitutes 5-3 mm/day. On these soils, due to the convective diffusion of salts from the soil and from ground water, the salinity of water on rice paddies increases and reaches the critical threshold of toxicity of 2,5 g/l. To reduce the salinity of water in the paddies, water is discharged, with subsequent flooding from the irrigation channel, the rice yield is 4,8 t/ha. The rice paddies water balance of the incoming and outgoing is stable. In the aeration zone during the irrigation period desalination occurs in salt balance; in autumn-winter period salts from the lower horizons are redistributed to the upper ones. Rice cultivation, taking into account the geological structure and lithological composition of soils in the aeration zone, provides a profit per hectare of 86,988 tg/ha, the profitability ratio is 25,5%.
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