A study of the influence of refractories’ structure on the thermomechanical properties of the lining of the equipment of tunnel kilns has been carried out. The lining of kiln trolleys is subjected to a mechanical stress distributed evenly over the entire area and the most dangerous to brittle materials, as well as to tensile thermal stresses. The magnitude of the tensile thermal stress depends on the material and the structure of the lining. The mechanisms of destruction of products made of fireclay and liquid concrete have been studied. Mineralogical and petrographic analysis of fireclay refractories have been used, as trolley lining has established metasomatic interaction of the lining with the vapor-gas component of the kiln, as well as with the metal of the trolleys. Monolithic products, made of low-cement concrete with corundum filler, are characterized by high strength and resistance to abrasion. The total value of compression and thermal expansion stresses for them is 3.08 MPa, which is half the value of those of fireclay. When conducting the research to optimize the composition of trolley lining, a technology for manufacturing two-layer concrete blocks, combining the advantages of compositions, based on corundum and fireclay, has been developed. The chemical and granulometric composition of fireclay-based concrete in the lower thermal insulation layer and electrocorundum-based concrete in the upper reinforcing layer were selected in such a way, as to ensure similar values of linear thermal expansion coefficients and prevent possible destruction along the boundary between the layers during the operation.
In order to achieve the goal of absorption of environmental pollutants, poly-component materials based on magnesium and calcium silicates - metal cations mineralizers – have been synthesized. The study of the processes of mineralization was carried out using model solutions containing soluble sulphates of copper, zinc, manganese and iron. The studies carried out have shown that the synthesized mineralizer based on calcium and magnesium silicates has a multicomponent structure with active electrochemically inhomogeneous centres on its surface as a result of breaking the Ca-O-Si, Mg-O-Si bonds, hydration and leaching of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. In an acidic environment, the leaching reaction is activated due to H+ adsorption and the weakening of the bond between Ca2+ and O2-, thus making the transition of Ca2+ into the liquid phase more advantageous. As a result, a negatively charged ≡Si-O-layer enriched with silicon is formed, which is able to interact chemically with heavy metal ions present in the electrolyte solution.
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