Summary Processing exogenous and endogenous proteins for presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to T cells is the defining function of antigen‐presenting cells (APC) as major regulatory cells in the acquired immune response. MHC class II‐restricted antigen presentation to CD4 T cells is achieved by an essentially common pathway that is subject to variation with regard to the location and extent of degradation of protein antigens and the site of peptide binding to MHC class II molecules. These subtle variations reveal a surprising flexibility in the ways a diverse peptide repertoire is displayed on the APC surface. This diversity may have profound consequences for the induction of immunity to infection and tumours, as well as autoimmunity and tolerance.

We studied endosomal proteolysis of the surface fibrillar M5 protein from viable Streptococcus pyogenes as an essential step involved in major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted antigen processing of two immunodominant CD4؉ T-cell epitopes (17-31/E d and 308 -319/ A d ). Intracellular proteolysis of viable streptococci for presentation of 17-31, bound by serine proteinase cleavage sites, was mediated by serine proteinases, whereas processing of soluble recombinant M5 protein required in addition cysteine proteinases. Furthermore, processing of 17-31 was resistant to ammonium chloride and thus was not dependent on endosome acidification. Cysteine and serine proteinase cleavage sites were located adjacent to 308 -319, and its processing was dependent on serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteinases, as well as on endosomal acidification. The data suggest that antigen processing of two major T-cell epitopes on streptococcal M5 protein occurred in different endosomal compartments by different classes of intracellular proteinases.

Former studies have shown that the class 5 outer membrane proteins (Opa and Opc proteins) of Neisseria meningitidis are at least as immunogenic as meningococcal porin proteins. High antibody titers to class 5 proteins have been observed in sera obtained during convalescence after meningococcal infection. A strong increase in anti-class 5 antibodies has also been observed in vaccinees who received a meningococcal outer membrane vesicle preparation. The enhanced B-cell response to class 5 proteins may be due to the presence of immunodominant helper T-cell epitopes in these proteins. In order to investigate this hypothesis, we tested purified Opa, Opc, and class 1 proteins for recognition by human T cells. A hierarchy of T-cell immunogenicity was observed among the outer membrane proteins, the Opa protein being more immunogenic than the other proteins. In most cases, the proliferative responses elicited by Opc were higher than the responses observed for the class 1 protein. The epitopes recognized by the immune T cells were identified by using overlapping synthetic peptides spanning the protein sequences of OpaB, Opa5d, and Opc.

Antibodies against the class 4 outer membrane protein (OMP) fromNeisseria meningitidis have been purified from sera from vaccinees immunized with the Norwegian meningococcal group B outer membrane vesicle vaccine. The human sera and purified antibodies reacted strongly with the class 4 OMP in immunoblots, whereas experiments with whole bacteria showed only weak reactions, indicating that the antibodies mainly reacted with parts of the class 4 molecule that were not exposed. The purified human anti-class 4 OMP antibodies and the monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were neither bactericidal nor opsonic against live meningococci. Three new MAbs against the class 4 OMP were generated and compared with other, previously described MAbs. Three linear epitopes in different regions of the class 4 OMP were identified by the reaction of MAbs with synthetic peptides. The MAbs showed no blocking effect on bactericidal activity of MAbs against other OMPs. However, one of the eight purified human anti-class 4 OMP antibody preparations, selected from immunoblot reactions among sera from 27 vaccinees, inhibited at high concentrations the bactericidal effect of a MAb against the class 1 OMP. However, these antibodies were not vaccine induced, as they were present also before vaccination. Therefore, this study gave no evidence that vaccination with a meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine containing the class 4 OMP induces blocking antibodies. Our data indicated that the structure of class 4 OMP does not correspond to standard β-barrel structures of integral OMPs and that no substantial portion of the OmpA-like C-terminal region of this protein is located at the surface of the outer membrane.

We have identified Salmonella invasion protein C (SipC) as a target antigen for CD4 T cell recognition in mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium. SipC is a product of the type III secretion system encoded by S. typhimurium pathogenicity island 1. A SipC‐specific T cell response was induced by infection with either the C5 wild type or attenuated SL3261 vaccine strain of S. typhimurium. We localized the response of T cell lines from infected mice to an epitope near the carboxyl terminus of SipC (SipC381–394) and studied the way it was processed from viable S. typhimurium. We demonstrated that CD4 T cell recognition of this epitope required actin‐dependent uptake of S. typhimurium. Presentation also occurred when transport of newly synthesized MHC class II from the endoplasmic reticulum was disrupted and when the pH of intracellular compartments was raised, suggesting presentation by mature MHC class II recycled from the macrophage surface into neutral intracellular compartments. Salmonellae are known to colonize macrophages by localizing to compartments that do not make contact with the bactericidal environment of late endosomes or lysosomes, and thus might avoid lysosomal antigen processing. However, we demonstrate that a CD4 T cell response to S. typhimurium‐secreted proteins may be induced by an alternative pathway capable of antigen presentation in conditions similar to those in the compartments where Salmonella localize.