In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of babassu mesocarp in the absence and presence of milk and lignin was performed to evaluate the bioaccessibility of Cu, Fe, and Zn. Extractions using NaOH solutions (pH 7 and 12) were carried out to evaluate the interactions of Cu(II), Fe(III), and Zn(II) with the extracted compounds and with the washed mesocarp. Studies using reference solutions showed a decrease in the free concentration of the elements in the presence of mesocarp. Phytate, a component present in the mesocarp, can be the main compound responsible for the elements' interactions with mesocarp. Lignin increases the elements' soluble fractions; however, the elements' concentrations in the dialyzed fractions, representing the bioaccessible portion, were very low. On the other hand, Cu, Fe, and Zn bioaccessibility in milk was not influenced by the mesocarp.
The sequential extraction procedure of the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) was applied to investigate the mobility of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, and Pb) and nutrients (P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in a multinutrient mineral fertilizer based on phosphate rocks supplemented with 10% (w w) micronutrient mixture (raw material used as a micronutrient source). For both samples, As and Cd were more mobile, whereas Cr remained in the solid residue. A higher mobility of Pb was observed in the micronutrient mixture; however, the high concentration of P (8.3% w w) in the fertilizer could have decreased Pb mobility as a result of Pb(PO) formation. The nutrients had great mobility, except Fe, which remained almost totally in the residual fraction in both samples. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses of solid residues showed that the ways in which elements were distributed in the sample particles could affect their mobility.
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