In this paper, we introduce Ant-based Dynamic Zone Routing Protocol (AD-ZRP), a self-configuring reactive routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Our approach is based on HOPNET, a multi-hop and self-configuring hybrid routing protocol based on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). There are many challenges in designing routing protocols for WSNs, and topology change is a factor that affects the network lifetime of WSNs. And with the robustness of routing protocols for MANETs, dealing with dynamic topologies becomes a less arduous task. However, WSNs tend to be more stringent than MANETs in respect to resource availability, then the AD-ZRP design must consider several restrictions including energy consumption, processing power, memory, and bandwidth. AD-ZRP also consists of ZRP, but it is based on dynamic zones which, acting together with ACO, allows us to deal with the restrictions of WSNs and yet improve the route discovery and the route maintenance through pheromone. We have evaluated and compared our algorithm to the original HOPNET and obtained better results in terms of data delivery ratio, routing overhead, and congestion avoidance for environments of dynamic topology.
In this paper, we introduce Ant-based Dynamic Hop Optimization Protocol (ADHOP), a self-configuring reactive routing protocol for dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Our approach is inspired on HOPNET, a multi-hop and selfconfiguring hybrid routing protocol based on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). The ADHOP design considers several restrictions since WSNs tend to be more stringent than MANETs in respect to resource availability, such as energy consumption, processing power, memory, and bandwidth. There are many challenges in designing routing protocols for WSNs, and topology change is a factor that affects the network lifetime of WSNs. And with the robustness of routing protocols for MANETs, dealing with dynamic topologies becomes a less arduous task. Moreover, ADHOP acting together with ACO allows us to deal with the restrictions of WSNs and yet improve the route discovery and the route maintenance through pheromone. We have evaluated and compared our algorithm to the original HOPNET and obtained better results in terms of data delivery ratio, routing overhead, and congestion avoidance for environments of dynamic topology.
It is a mistake to assume that each embedded object in the Internet of Things will implement a TCP/IP stack similar to those present in contemporary operating systems. Typical requirements of ordinary things, such as low power consumption, small size, and low cost, demand innovative solutions. In this article, we describe the design, implementation, and evaluation of a trustful infrastructure for the Internet of Things based on EPOSMote. The infrastructure was built around EPOS' second generation of motes, which features an ARM processor and an IEEE 802.15.4 radio transceiver. It is presented to end users through a trustful communication protocol stack compatible with TCP/IP. Trustfulness was tackled at MAC level by extending C-MAC, EPOS native MAC protocol, with AES capabilities that were used to encrypt and authenticate IP datagrams packets. Our authentication mechanism encompasses temporal information to protect the network against replay attacks. The prototype implementation was assessed for processing, memory, and energy consumption with positive results.
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