Subependymomas are benign tumors that occur predominantly in the ventricular system. We describe a case of a 57-year-old man with a large cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumor which expanded into the jugular foramen. Complete surgical excision of the tumor was achieved through a retrosigmoid approach and the histopathological diagnosis was subependymoma. Subependymomas located exclusively in the CPA without extension into the fourth ventricle are extremely rare. The mainly pathological features and the difficulty in correctly diagnosing these cases preoperatively, even with MRI, are discussed.

Our results confirm brain remodeling of the lateral premotor cortex, as previously described, and indicate that functional improvement is also paralleled with a shift of SMA activation toward the healthy hemisphere.

Several animal experimental models have been used in the study of malignant gliomas. The objective of the study was to test the efficacy of a simple, reproducible and low cost animal model, using human cells of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) xenotransplantated in subcutaneous tissue of Wistar rats, immunosuppressed with cyclosporin given by orogastric administration, controlled by nonimunosuppressed rats. The animals were sacrificed at weekly intervals and we have observed gradual growth of tumor in the immunosuppressed group. The average tumor volume throughout the experiment was 4.38 cm 3 in the immunosuppressed group, and 0.27 cm 3 in the control one (p<0.001). Tumors showed histopathological hallmarks of GBM and retained its glial identity verified by GFAP and vimentin immunoreaction. Immunosuppression of rats with cyclosporin was efficient in allowing the development of human glioblastoma cells in subcutaneous tissues. The model has demonstrated the maintenance of most of the histopathological characteristics of human glioblastoma in an heterotopic site and might by considered in research of molecular and proliferative pathways of malignant gliomas. Key words: animal model, Wistar rats, cyclosporin, glioblastoma, xenotransplant.Modelo murino de xenotransplante de glioblastoma humano com imunossupressão utilizando ciclosporina orogástrica RESUMO Vários modelos animais têm sido avaliados no estudo dos gliomas e até o momento nenhum pôde ser considerado ideal. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a eficácia de um modelo animal simples, reprodutível e de baixo custo. Utilizamos células humanas de glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) xenotransplantadas em ratos Wistar, submetidos a imunossupressão com ciclosporina administrada por via orogástrica. Células tumorais foram implantadas no tecido subcutâneo dos ratos imunossuprimidos com ciclosporina, sendo o controle feito em ratos não imunossuprimidos. Os animais foram sacrificados em intervalos semanais e foi observado crescimento progressivo do tumor no grupo imunossuprimido. A média do volume tumoral em todo o experimento foi de 4,38 cm 3 no grupo imunossuprimido e 0,27 cm 3 no grupo controle (p<0,001). Os tumores apresentavam características histopatológica do GBM e mantinham sua identidade glial, verificadas por imunoreação para GFAP e vimentina. A imunossupressão dos ratos com ciclosporina

We report two cases of complex middle cerebral artery aneurysms that were surgically treated using the orbitopterional approach in a two-piece method. The objective of this work is to discuss the usefulness of the orbitopterional approach in the surgical management of large and giant middle cerebral artery aneurysms. A 32-year-old man with a giant aneurysm and a 50-year-old woman with a large and complex aneurysm presented with subarachnoid hemorrhages. Both aneurysms were successfully clipped through an orbitopterional approach. This approach permits a more basal view of the vascular structures with only a minor retraction of frontal lobe. It also increases the view angle and amount of working space available. This approach should be considered as an alternative to the classic pterional craniotomy for the surgical management of such complex lesions.

Introduction: The most frequent cause of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is the rupture of a brain aneurysm. Approximately 5% of cases of spontaneous SAH did not show changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or angiography that explain such bleeding. The objective of this study was to report a case of spontaneous SAH induced by warfarin, where there was no evidence of any vascular malformation. Case Report: A 59 year-old male patient developed a sudden onset severe headache while in the shower. The patient had a history of mitral valve disease and valve replacement 23 years before and hypertension monitored by a cardiologist with 5 mg warfarin sodium daily. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a SAH. Laboratory tests showed an International Normalized Ratio (INR) of 2.22 (normal: 1 to 1.2). Cerebral angiography and neuraxis MRI were performed and  showed no aneurysms or other vascular malformations. Conclusion: The occurrence of hemorrhageassociated with warfarin treatment is a well-documented event in the literature. However, the isolated occurrence of SAH in these patients is a rare event. To prove that SAH is indeed attributed to anticoagulation, it is necessary to excludethe presence of aneurysms and other vascular diseases by imaging techniques.

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Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown etiology presenting as noncaseating granulomatous infiltration in tissues. Central Nervous system is rarely affected , usually as dissemination from other organs, mainly lungs. We report on a case in which the patient had only central nervous system involvement, presenting with a mass in the right gasserian ganglion and another lesion in right parietal cortex, observed in magnetic resonance. Diagnosis was given by histopathological study of the lesion and the patient improved with corticosteroid treatment.