Despite the well-admitted benefits of keeping design decisions as a documentation all along the lifecycle of software, many software projects have lost this information. In order to use design information to guide software maintenance and evolution, this paper proposes to retroengineer architecture descriptions from source code. The originality of this work is to target a three-leveled architecture description language which represents software specification, configuration and deployment. Retro-engineering these three levels will provide a more precise source of guidance for the maintenance of software. Targeted projects are open-source Java projects that use Spring to describe the implemented "architecture".
Nowadays, more and more data about our environment are available. Those data might be of various sources and types such as quality of life, energy consumption or any other domain that may have an impact on people's environment. However, when it comes to evaluating the quality of our environment, a lot of approaches exist which are not easy to use. Hence, this paper introduces a new methodology to calculate an environmental score for cities which takes into account pollution (water and air) indicators, energy consumption, soil uses and artificialization and habitat insulation. This method compares those data with social indicators such as unemployment rate and our purpose is to help city leaders to understand the statement of their city on the environmental topics. Moreover, the methodology that is proposed in this paper can be applied by all French cities, regardless of their size, since it only uses free open source verified data. The calculated scores are available on 31 cities of different size from the Occitanie region in France. As a finding of this paper, we identified that bigger cities have a smaller environmental score while smaller cities get higher scores. Environmental low score for big cities is most often due to low air quality, artificialization of soils and high electrical consumption. With the smaller cities, unemployment and poverty rates are lower, as well as drinkable water quality, mostly due to the chlorine quantity in water.
Software architecture modeling plays a key role in software development and, beyond, in software quality. The Spring framework is widely used in industry to deploy software. This paper evaluates whether Spring fosters good practices for architecture definition. It describes the results of an empirical study, based on a corpus of open-source Spring projects. Analysis shows that a strong (70%) majority of projects mixes all Spring architecture definition features. This can be considered as a pragmatic use of a very flexible tool. However, few good practice documentation and tool assistance exist to prevent hazardous architecture constructions. The paper highlights these situations and concludes on recommendations to assist developers.
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