Due to climate change problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions generated by fossil fuels and from waste disposition, fuel alternatives for power generation are being extensively researched. Currently, in Brazil and in many countries, wood waste is disposed in landfills. However, due to lignin, one of the major constituents of biomass, which prevents wood waste from suffering microbial degradation, there is no significant mass degradation, even over decades, when landfilled. Hence, landfilling is not a solution to discard wood waste. Hence, one of the solutions to get rid of the great amount of wood waste is to use it as feedstock in waste-to-electricity (WTE) projects. WTE projects are in high demand in the world, as they can replace fossil fuels and they reduce two major environmental problems (greenhouse gas emissions due to the use of fossil fuels and the accumulation of waste in landfills), while generating biofuels and/or electricity. One of the residues that can be used in WTE projects is biomass residue from construction sites (CCbiowaste). CCbiowaste could be converted into gaseous biofuels through pyrolysis or gasification. These gaseous biofuels can be used in Otto engines connected to an electricity generator (gensets) to produce electricity and/or heat (cogeneration applications). Hence, the objective of this research was to characterize (physically, chemically, and energetically) civil construction biomass wastes (CCbiowaste), produced in a residential building construction site in Recife, Brazil, and to use these wastes in a bench-scale gasifier to produce gaseous biofuels at the temperatures of 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C. The gaseous fuels were collected in the gasifier and analyzed in a gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) to determine their composition and heating values. The lower heating value (LHV) results varied from 8.07 MJ∙m−3 to 10.74 MJ∙m−3 for 700 °C to 900 °C gasification temperature. These gaseous fuels were tested in an adapted Otto cycle engine connected to an electricity generator to prove the feasibility of this application. The highest total energy per ton of biomass was obtained for mixed wood and Pinus at 900 °C, with approximately 13 GJ∙ton−1. Hence, the use of CCbiowaste can become an option for the reuse of wasted wood instead of simply dumping in a landfill.
ResumoA volumosa geração de resíduos originada pelas atividades construtivas tem provocado problemas de ordem social, ambiental e econômica devido a sua destinação final, já que na grande maioria dos casos, estes são depositados incorretamente. Diante deste cenário surgiu, em 2002, a Resolução CONAMA (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente) nº 307, que estabelece diretrizes, critérios e procedimentos para a gestão dos Resíduos da Construção Civil (RCC). Com isso, passa a existir a necessidade de se analisar a situação da gestão dos RCC nos diversos municípios brasileiros. Desta maneira, esta pesquisa buscou diagnosticar a atual situação destes resíduos em Olinda/PE, através de visitas no município, entrevistas estruturadas, mapeamento dos pontos irregulares, entre outros. Portanto, o presente trabalho espera contribuir para a definição de um modelo de gestão dos RCC mais adequado às características regionais, para a adequação da construção civil ao contexto de responsabilidade ambiental e desenvolvimento sustentáve.Abstract The bulky waste generation originated by constructive activity has caused problems in social, environmental and economical due to its final disposal, since in most cases, these are deposited incorrectly. On this scenario emerged in 2002, the Resolution CONAMA (national environmental Council) nº 307 establishing guidelines, criteria and procedures for the management of civil construction waste (CCW). With this, it's necessary to analyse the situation of the management of CCW in several brazilian municipalities. This research sought to diagnose the current situation of the management of this waste in Olinda/PE through visits in the municipality, structured interviews, mapping of irregular points, among others. Therefore, this paper is expected to contribute to defining a management model of the CCW more appropriate to regional characteristics, to the adequacy of construction to the context of environmental responsibility and sustainable development. .
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