This paper investigates whether location choices of multinational firms depend on their past export, import or Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) experience on foreign markets or the experience of other affiliated firms. Regardless of locations' characteristics, we find that exporting in a given country, and to a smaller extent importing from it, significantly increases the probability of investing in that particular country the following year. This preliminary exporting phase appears more important for firsttime investors. Moreover, location choices not only depend on the investor's own international experience, but also on the international experience of other affiliated firms: firms tend to invest in countries where the group already exports or owns a local affiliate. These last findings suggest the existence of coordinated strategies and/or information sharing between affiliated firms.
This article investigates to what extent outward foreign direct investment (FDI) affects domestic wages. Results reveal that multinational companies pay a wage premium to their employees and the wage premium is increasing within the wage distribution. In a second step, we use a fixed effect and match effect model to analyze the effect of outward FDI within job spells. Results suggest that outward FDI raises manager wages by 0.077% and reduces wages for workers performing offshorable tasks by 0.34%. The positive effect of FDI on manager wages is mainly driven by the intensive margin of outward FDI. This result is observed even after controlling for endogenous worker mobility. Finally, we observe that the increase of outward foreign direct investment cause wages to be higher, and this effect is due to both multinational companies paying a wage premium and to changes in the market value of unobservable worker skills.
Cet article évalue dans quelle mesure les firmes exportatrices, importatrices et multinationales ont une propension plus élevée à démarrer des activités d’innovation. Nous montrons que les firmes à la fois exportatrices et importatrices sont plus enclines à démarrer des activités d’innovation, mais que l’expérience sur les marchés étrangers n’affecte pas l’intensité de R&D. Enfin, la production de connaissances augmente la productivité des firmes à la période suivante. Classification JEL : D22 ; F23 ; O31.
This paper investigates the economic impact and cost-efficiency of the loan guarantee programs of Bpifrance, which form the main public loan guarantee scheme in France. We first document that commercial banks aremore likely to use public loan guarantees for investment projects which appear relatively risky ex ante. Second, using propensity scorematching techniques and difference-in-difference estimators, we showthat loan guarantees have a positive impact on firm survival, sales, investment and employment. We compute the gross amount of public endowment needed to create an additional job, which ranges from € 2,800 to € 3,500 depending on the guarantee target.
Ce papier analyse l’efficacité des dispositifs de garantie de Bpifrance, qui constituent le principal dispositif public de garantie de crédit bancaire en France. Nous montrons d’abord que les banques commerciales mobilisent davantage les garanties publiques pour financer des projets relativement risqués. En mobilisant des techniques d’appariement sur score de propension et des estimateurs en double-différence, nous montrons que les garanties publiques ont un impact positif sur la survie, l’investissement, le chiffre d’affaires et l’emploi des entreprises. Nous estimons que le montant de dotation publique immobilisé pour chaque emploi additionnel est compris entre 2800 et 3 500 euros selon le fonds de garantie. Classification JEL : G21, G28, H81, L25, L26
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