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BBCH [Biologische Bundesanstalt (Julius Kühn-Institut), Bundessortenamt, CHemische Industrie] scales are used in applied natural sciences for the description of phenological growth stages of plants and are available for many crops today. Currently, a specific BBCH scale for Asparagus officinalis, a perennial vegetable plant of worldwide interest, does not exist. In this study, an extended BBCH scale was developed, describing precisely the growth stages of A. officinalis. Nine principal growth stages were defined and subdivided into several secondary growth stages resulting in a two-digit decimal code. Detailed descriptions of the particular stages and illustrations were included to clarify the application of the code system. The scale is proposed to specify and harmonise research activities as well as to enhance comparability of crop management practices for growers of asparagus.

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In 2010-2012, a total of 309 isolates of Botrytis cinerea from 23 lettuce fields in Northern Germany was examined for sensitivity to seven fungicides with specific modes of action. Resistance against the frequently used compounds boscalid (45.0% of all isolates), iprodione (37.2%) and quinone-outside inhibitors (strobilurins, 56.3%) was the most common. Isolates combining resistance to two or all three of these fungicides were more frequent than those showing resistance against only one. Strains with cyprodinil (31.4%) or thiophanate-methyl (11.6%) resistance were also observed in the majority of fields. In contrast, resistance against fludioxonil (1 isolate) and fenhexamid (3 isolates) was rare. The abundance of B. cinerea strains with multiple resistance to several currently used fungicides has implications for future lettuce crop management which are discussed.Abbrevations: HR = high resistance, MBC = methyl benzimidazole carbamate, MEA = malt extract agar, MR = moderate resistance, PDA = potato dextrose agar, QoI = quinone outside inhibitor, s = reduced sensitivity, SA = sucrose agar, ss = high sensitivity, TWA = tap water agar, YEA = yeast extract agar