Optimization problems with cardinality constraints are very difficult mathematical programs which are typically solved by global techniques from discrete optimization. Here we introduce a mixed-integer formulation whose standard relaxation still has the same solutions (in the sense of global minima) as the underlying cardinality-constrained problem; the relation between the local minima is also discussed in detail. Since our reformulation is a minimization problem in continuous variables, it allows to apply ideas from that field to cardinality-constrained problems. Here, in particular, we therefore also derive suitable stationarity conditions and suggest an appropriate regularization method for the solution of optimization problems with cardinality constraints. This regularization method is shown to be globally convergent to a Mordukhovich-stationary point. Extensive numerical results are given to illustrate the behavior of this method

Biomechanically, repairing a midshaft clavicle fracture with a superior plate was more favorable compared to anterior-inferior plating in terms of both load to failure and bending failure stiffness. Furthermore, superior locked CDCP plates show improved bending failure stiffness over superior CDCP plates.

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Intramedullary nailing is an effective alternative for the treatment of distal metaphyseal tibial fractures. Simple articular extension of the fracture is not a contraindication to intramedullary fixation. Functional outcomes improve with time.