Severe/potentially severe reactions, allergic comorbidities, and low EDs in real life are frequent in peanut-allergic patients. Asthma, teenage/adulthood and reaction to inhalation are associated with severe symptoms. PAL and criteria guiding dietary advice need to be improved.

Background:Whether women are more or equally susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of cigarette smoke on the lungs compared with men is a matter of controversy. Using a large French population-based case–control study, we compared the lung cancer risk associated with cigarette smoking by gender.Methods:The study included 2276 male and 650 female cases and 2780 male and 775 female controls. Lifetime smoking exposure was represented by the comprehensive smoking index (CSI), which combines the duration, intensity and time since cessation of smoking habits. The analysis was conducted among the ever smokers. All of the models were adjusted for age, department (a regional administrative unit), education and occupational exposures.Results:Overall, we found that the lung cancer risk was similar among men and women. However, we found that women had a two-fold greater risk associated with a one-unit increase in CSI than men of developing either small cell carcinoma (OR=15.9, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 7.6, 33.3 and 6.6, 95% CI 5.1, 8.5, respectively; P<0.05) or squamous cell carcinoma (OR=13.1, 95% CI 6.3, 27.3 and 6.1, 95% CI 5.0, 7.3, respectively; P<0.05). The association was similar between men and women for adenocarcinoma.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that heavy smoking might confer to women a higher risk of lung cancer as compared with men.

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We found an inverse dose-dependent association between lung cancer risk and BMI 2 years prior to interview in current smokers. IMPACT STATEMENT: BMI might be an individual factor impacting the risk of lung cancer related to smoking's carcinogen-induced DNA damage.

Many clinical features of lung cancer are different in women and men. Sex steroid hormones exert effects in non-reproductive organs, such as the lungs. The association between menstrual and childbearing factors and the risk of lung cancer among women is still debated. We performed a pooled analysis of eight studies contributing to the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO; 4,386 cases and 4,177 controls). Pooled associations between menstrual or reproductive factors and lung cancer were estimated using multivariable unconditional logistic regression. Subgroup analyses were done for menopause status, smoking habits and histology. We found no strong support for an association of age at menarche and at menopause with lung cancer, but peri/postmenopausal women were at higher risk compared to premenopausal (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.11–1.93). Premenopausal women showed increased risks associated with parity (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.03–2.93) and number of children (OR 2.88 95% CI 1.21–6.93 for more than 3 children; P for trend 0.01) and decreased with breastfeeding (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.30–0.98). In contrast, peri/postmenopausal subjects had ORs around unity for the same exposures. No major effect modification was exerted by smoking status or cancer histology. Menstrual and reproductive factors may play a role in the genesis of lung cancer, yet the mechanisms are unclear, and smoking remains the most important modifiable risk factor. More investigations in large well-designed studies are needed to confirm these findings and to clarify the underlying mechanisms of gender differences in lung cancer risk.

The objective was to examine the role of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking in the incidence of oral cavity cancer by subsite in France, a high-incidence area. We analysed detailed data on lifelong tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking from 772 oral cavity cancer cases and 3555 controls included in a population-based case-control study, the ICARE study. Tobacco smoking increased the risk of oral cavity cancer even for the smaller quantities and durations, whereas alcohol drinking increased this risk only in heavy drinkers who were also ever smokers. The combined effect of smoking and drinking was greater than multiplicative. The floor of the mouth was the subsite that was the most affected by the harmful effects of tobacco and alcohol, whereas the gums were less susceptible. The risk associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption did not differ between intraoral cavity and subsites usually included in the oropharynx (soft palate and base of the tongue). Population-attributable risks for oral cavity cancer were 78.6% for tobacco smoking, 7.3% for alcohol drinking and 80.7% for tobacco and/or alcohol consumption. These results indicate that regular oral check-ups should be targeted at smokers and heavy drinkers, and that prevention efforts should be focused on smoking cessation.

These results add further support to the existence of a reduced risk of oral cavity cancer among overweight and obese people or among people who increased their BMI in adulthood. The underlying mechanisms remain to be clarified.

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