Abelian gauge theories formulated on a space-time lattice can be used as a prototype for investigating the confinement mechanism. In U (1) lattice gauge theory it is possible to perform a dual transformation of the path integral. Simulating the obtained dual theory (which corresponds to a certain limit of a dual Higgs model) including external sources, we perform a very accurate analysis of flux tubes with respect to the dual superconductor picture. Dual flux tube simulations are also performed in the full Abelian Higgs model, in order to obtain non-perturbative control over quantum and string fluctuations, and for a comparison to the results of dual QCD.
During a scientific expedition to the Palinurus Rock, Persian Gulf, Iraq, a reef, which was discovered first in 2012, we found a new species which we tentatively assigned to Ciocalypta (Porifera, Demospongiae, Suberitida, Halichondriidae). Genetic results from different authors (Morrow & Cardenas, 2015, Redmond et al., 2013, Erpenbeck et al., 2012) suggest that several species of Ciocalypta and other species from Suberitida (e.g. several Axinyssa, Petromica, Topsentia, Cymbastela, Halichondria (Eumastia)) are indeed no Suberitida but belong to taxa yet unnamed. The species described here genetically clearly belongs to this new taxon outside Suberitida which awaits definition. Morphologically the new species clearly would be classified as Ciocalypta. Therefore the new species is described and compared to similar morphological species, some of them, as the type species, true Suberitida and true Ciocalypta, others belong to taxa still in need of a name.
The magnetic monopole condensate is calculated in the dual Monopole NambuJona-Lasinio model with dual Dirac strings suggested in Refs. [1,2] as a functional of the dual Dirac string shape. The calculation is carried out in the tree approximation in the scalar monopole-antimonopole collective excitation field. The integration over quantum fluctuations of the dual-vector monopole-antimonopole collective excitation field around the Abrikosov flux line and string shape fluctuations are performed explicitly. We claim that there are important contributions of quantum and string shape fluctuations to the magnetic monopole condensate. * Supported by the Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Project P12495-TPH. †
The condensation of a dual-vector field is investigated in the dual Monopole Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with dual Dirac strings. The condensate of a dual-vector field is calculated as a functional of a shape of a dual Dirac string. The obtained result is compared with the gluon condensate calculated in a QCD sum rules approach and on lattice. *
In this work an adaptive Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics (SPH) formulation is presented which is capable of adjusting the discretization level of a simulation at runtime. In order to increase and decrease the local resolution, the adaptive refinement and coarsening approach introduced in literature was extended to merge a userdefined number of particles at each simulation step. Depending on the simulation different coarsening strategies may be advantageous. Considering for example an SPH formulation for elastic solids, the particles discretizing the continuum experience considerably less disordering than in fluid simulations allowing for an advanced coarsening algorithm which takes each particles refinement history under consideration and preferably merges particles originating from one and the same particle, whereas in SPH for fluids such a strategy would not be reasonable since fluid particles usually experience great relative displacement. Hence different coarsening strategies may be recommended for different simulation scenarios.
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