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The combined stone-free and fragmentation rate was 51%, lower than in other published reports. In patients with calculi greater than 1,000 HU shock wave lithotripsy achieved a stone-free rate of only 17%. Patients should be informed of the likelihood of treatment failure or need for auxiliary procedures if the Doli S lithotriptor is used, particularly for stones greater than 1,000 HU.

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The unplanned ER return rate is similar whether patients are stented or unstented after ureteroscopy. The median cost saving for unstented patients is approximately CDN dollars140. Use of a ureteral access sheath precludes uncomplicated ureteroscopy, and a ureteral stent should be placed in these cases.

Retrograde intrarenal cooling can reliably cool the porcine kidney to 28 degrees C, regardless of whether arterial or arteriovenous clamping is used. Renal pO2 is not significantly different between animals that undergo artery only versus en bloc hilar clamping. Pigs that were provided with retrograde cooling had a slower return of pO2 to baseline following release of hilar clamps, possibly due to hypothermic vasospasm. Clamp durations greater than 60 minutes were also associated with slower return of renal oxygenation to baseline.

During fluoroscopic ureteral stent insertion, the radiopaque marker of the stent positioner is situated at the superior border of the PS in men and behind the lower one third of the PS in women, permitting formation of an intravesical distal coil. One way to remember this is that men are on top and women are on the bottom of the PS.

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