Lignin, one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth, derives from the plant phenolic metabolism. It appeared upon terrestrialization and is thought critical for plant colonization of land. Early diverging land plants do not form lignin, but already have elements of its biosynthetic machinery. Here we delete in a moss the P450 oxygenase that defines the entry point in angiosperm lignin metabolism, and find that its pre-lignin pathway is essential for development. This pathway does not involve biochemical regulation via shikimate coupling, but instead is coupled with ascorbate catabolism, and controls the synthesis of the moss cuticle, which prevents desiccation and organ fusion. These cuticles share common features with lignin, cutin and suberin, and may represent the extant representative of a common ancestor. Our results demonstrate a critical role for the ancestral phenolic metabolism in moss erect growth and cuticle permeability, consistent with importance in plant adaptation to terrestrial conditions.

Among a small series of tested N-acylhydrazones (NAHs), the compound 8a was selected as a selective submicromolar phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor associated with anti-TNF-α properties measured both in vitro and in vivo. The recognition pattern of compound 8a was elucidated through molecular modeling studies based on the knowledge of the 3D-structure of zardaverine, a PDE4 inhibitor resembling the structure of 8a, cocrystallized with the PDE4. Based on further conformational analysis dealing with N-methyl-NAHs, a quinazoline derivative (19) was designed as a conformationally constrained NAH analogue and showed similar in vitro pharmacological profile, compared with 8a. In addition 19 was found active when tested orally in LPS-evoked airway hyperreactivity and fully confirmed the working hypothesis supporting this work.

Herein we describe NMR experiments and structural modifications of 4-methyl-2-phenylpyrimidine-N-acylhydrazone compounds (aryl-NAH) in order to discover if duplication of some signals in their 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectra was related to a mixture of imine double bond stereoisomers (E/Z) or CO-NH bond conformers (syn and anti-periplanar). NMR data from NOEdiff, 2D-NOESY and 1 H-NMR spectra at different temperatures, and also the synthesis of isopropylidene hydrazone revealed the nature of duplicated signals of a 4-methyl-2-phenylpyrimidine-N-acylhydrazone derivative as a mixture of two conformers in solution. Further we investigated the stereoelectronic influence of substituents at the ortho position on the pyrimidine ring with respect to the carbonyl group, as well as the OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2013, 18 11684 electronic effects of pyrimidine by changing it to phenyl. The conformer equilibrium was attributed to the decoplanarization of the aromatic ring and carbonyl group (generated by an ortho-alkyl group) and/or the electron withdrawing character of the pyrimidine ring. Both effects increased the rotational barrier of the C-N amide bond, as verified by the ΔG ≠ values calculated from dynamic NMR. As far as we know, it is the first description of aryl-NAH compounds presenting two CO-NH bond-related conformations.

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Medium-sized heterocycles (with 8 to 11 atoms) constitute important structural components of several biologically active natural compounds and represent promising scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. However, they are under-represented in the screening of chemical libraries as a consequence of being difficult to access. In particular, methods involving intramolecular bond formation are challenging due to unfavorable enthalpic and entropic factors, such as transannular interactions and conformational constraints. The present review focuses on the synthesis of medium-sized heterocycles by transition-metal-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization, which despite its drawbacks remains a straightforward and attractive synthesis strategy. The obtained heterocycles differ in their nature, number of heteroatoms, and ring size. The methods are classified according to the metal used (palladium, copper, gold, silver), then subdivided according to the type of bond formed, namely carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom.

The synthesis of unprecedented benzimidazole‐fused thiazocines, thiazonines, and thiazecines having an exocyclic double bond is reported. The process proceeds through an 8‐, 9‐, or 10‐exo‐dig cyclocarbopalladation followed by reduction. The scope and limitations were established and showed the importance of the precursor structure for the success of the reaction. A competition between the exo‐dig and the endo‐dig cyclization was observed for two substrates bearing an N‐homopropargyl chain, the endo‐cyclization leading to rarely encountered 10‐ and 11‐membered N,S‐heterocycles with a trans‐endocyclic double bond. X‐ray structures of three products were obtained by co‐crystallization with fumaric acid and show the twisted structures of these molecules.

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C-Nucleosides are an underexplored and important class of nucleosides with antiviral and anticancer activity. In addition, triazole heterocycles are well employed as a strategy to modify nucleobase in nucleoside analogues, although rare examples were described for triazoyl C-nucleosides. N(2)-Aryl-1,2,3-triazole C-nucleoside compounds that could be obtained by selective 1,2,3-triazole heterocycle N(2) arylation in 1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-2H-1,2,3-triazole substrate were designed in this study. The optimized condition used AdBrettPhos/[PdCl(allyl)]2 as the catalyst system. This transformation was accomplished by aryl halides bearing an electron donor and withdrawing groups, as well as by heterocyclic halides in good to excellent yields. The transformation developed in this study represents a significant contribution to the nucleoside field, once it allows for the synthesis of unexplored scaffolds through selective functionalization of triazole nucleosides.