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You may not• sell any part of an item• refer to any part of an item without citation • amend any item or contextualise it in a way that will impugn the creator's reputation• remove or alter the copyright statement on an item.The full policy can be found here. Alternatively contact the University of Cumbria Repository Editor by emailing insight@cumbria.ac.uk. Island residents, southern Alaska residents, and eastern Kamchatka residents. We tested 37 predictions about call variation across populations which are due to an accumulation of random 38 errors and innovations by vertical cultural transmission. Call frequency contours were extracted 39 and compared using a dynamic time-warping algorithm. We found that the diversity of 40 monophonic calls was substantially higher than the diversity of biphonic calls for all populations. 41
Call diversity in the NorthRepertoire diversity appeared to be related to the population size: in larger populations, 42 monophonic calls were more diverse and biphonic calls were less diverse. We suggest that the 43 evolution of both monophonic and biphonic calls is caused by an interaction between stochastic 44 processes and directional selection, but the relative effect of directional selection is greater for 45 biphonic calls. Our analysis revealed no direct correlation between call repertoire similarity and 46 geographical distance. Call diversity within pre-defined call categories -types and subtypes -47 showed a high degree of correspondence between populations. Our results suggest that dialect 48 evolution is a complex process influenced by an interaction between directional selection, 49 horizontal transmission and founder effects. We suggest several scenarios for how this might 50 have arisen and the implications of these scenarios for call evolution and population history. 51Keywords: dialect, killer whale, acoustic repertoire, evolution, call type. in vocal repertoires is common among both bird and mammalian populations (e.g., Krebs & 61 Kroodsma 1980;Slobodchikoff et al. 1998; Mitani et al. 1999). In this study we examined geographical variation in monophonic and biphonic calls 140 among four resident populations from the North Pacific Ocean...
Northeast Pacific resident-type killer whales (Orcinus orca) are known to form stable associations based on kinship between maternal relatives (matrilines) with a system of vocal dialects thought to reflect kinship relationships. We analyzed association patterns and acoustic similarity to study the social organization of killer whales in Avacha Gulf (Kamchatka, Russia), in the Northwest Pacific. The resident-type killer whales of Avacha Gulf formed temporally stable units that included maternal relatives with no dispersal observed. Acoustically, the killer whale community of Avacha Gulf was characterized by a system of dialects comparable to the communities of Northeast Pacific residenttype killer whales. Different units rarely associated with each other and these associations were nonrandom. Associations at different spatial levels did not always coincide with each other and with the patterns of acoustic similarity. Associations between units could change quickly irrespective of kinship relationships. The vocal dialect of a unit, which is more stable than the association patterns between units, might better reflect the overall kinship relationships. The stability and frequency of associations between units depended on the number of mature males in a unit, which could contribute to differences in the speed of change in vocal dialects and association patterns.
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