An increase in the penetration of metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment requires an assessment of their ecotoxicity as they impair the critical activity of plants, animals, bacteria, and enzymes. Therefore, the study aimed to observe the effects of metal-based NPs, including copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn), on the Cambisols, which cover a significant part of the earth's soil and play an important role in the biosphere. Metal-based NPs were introduced into the soil at concentrations of 100, 1,000, and 10,000 mg/kg. The biological properties of the soil are being investigated as the most sensitive to external contamination. The highest ecotoxicity of the studied pollutants introduced into the soil at the same concentrations was shown by Cu (up to 34%) and Zn (up to 30%) NPs, while Ni NPs showed less (up to 22%). Microbiological (total number of bacteria, Azotobacter sp. abundance) and phytotoxic properties (radish seed germination and length of roots) of Cambisols were more sensitive (22–53%) to pollution by NPs of Cu, Zn, and Ni, while enzymatic activity (catalase and dehydrogenases) showed less sensitivity (14–32%). The present results could be useful for biomonitoring the state of contaminated soils, especially by NPs.
Thallium (Tl) was introduced into Haplic Chernozem in the amounts of 3, 30, and 300 mg/kg, and biological indicators were observed at 10, 30, and 90 days after incubation in the laboratory experiment. An increase in biological activities; i.e., the total number of bacteria, Azotobacter spp. abundance, enzymes (catalase, dehydrogenases), and phytotoxic indicators (germination rate of radish) after 30 days of Tl exposure were noted. The total number of bacteria and Azotobacter spp. abundance, enzyme activity, and phytotoxicity were more sensitive (16–76%) and informative (12–65%) indicators compared to the control, respectively. Integral biological indicators of soil state (IIBS) noted at 10, 30, and 90 days decreased at a dose of 30 and 300 mg/kg by 13–43% in relation to the control. An increase in Tl concentration and duration of exposure (up to 90 days) inhibited biological properties and caused ecotoxicological effects, respectively. We concluded that the use of individual indicators served as an indicator of the state of the soil.
A comparative study of ecological and biological parameters of soils of the Rostov-on-Don Zoo was carried out in 2017-2020. Monitoring sites were studied in areas of various purpose: aviaries with different animals, recreation area, park area. The control plot was a relatively undisturbed park section in the territory of the zoo. Different sites revealed heterogeneity of ecological conditions and soil properties. The most significant difference was in the physical properties of soils. Density, penetration resistance, and soil structure were degraded in aviaries with large animals: rhinos, zebras, deer. Using methods of bioindication, the degree of change in the soil of aviaries was determined compared with the soil of the control plot. The abundance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the Azotobacter genus was reduced in the soils of aviaries with zebras, rams, rhinos and giraffe due to the artificial addition of sand to the soil for the purpose of improvement of its physical properties. The activity of soil enzymes (urease and dehydrogenases) was significantly increased in the soils of aviaries due to their contamination with animal excretory products. A particularly high increase was in urease (up to 7.4 times relative to the control soil). The main problems of the topsoil of the zoo are overconsolidation, structural degradation, organic pollution, change in biological activity. The degree of change depends on the size of aviaries, the size and activity of animals and soil amelioration aimed at regulating physical properties of the soil.
Ростовский-на-Дону зоопарк, расположенный в центре мегаполиса, является одним из крупнейших в России. При этом его территория испытывает высокую антропогенную нагрузку, последствия которой необходимо исследовать и нормировать. В 2017-2018 годах проведено сравнительное исследование экологических и биологических параметров почв зоопарка Ростова-на-Дону. В зоопарке были изучены мониторинговые участки с разным назначением: вольеры с разными животными, рекреационная зона, парковая часть. Контрольным участком сравнения был относительно ненарушенный участок парковой зоны на территории зоопарка с обыкновенным черноземом. Подобные почвы широко распространены на юге европейской территории России. Почвы Ростовского зоопарка подвержены деградационным процессам под влиянием крупного города, вследствие содержания животных в вольерах, а также вследствие нагрузки от большого числа посетителей. Выявлена неоднородность эдафических условий разных участков. Наиболее значительно различаются физические свойства почв разных участков. Плотность и почвенная структура были ухудшены в вольерах с крупными животными: зебрами, оленями и верблюдом. С помощью методов биоиндикации и биотестирования удалось определить степень деградации почв вольеров по сравнению с почвой контрольного участка. Минимальное обилие бактерий выделено из почвы вольера с зебрами, сниженное обилие было в почве вольеров голубых баранов и гиен. Содержание органического углерода понижено в почвах вольеров с зебрами и баранами вследствие искусственного добавления песка в почву для улучшения ее водно-физических свойств. Основными результатами деградации являются переуплотнение, загрязнение биогенными элементами, изменение биологической активности и экологических функций. Степень деградации почв зависит от величины вольера, содержащихся в них животных, уровня воздействия и мелиоративных мероприятий. Ключевые слова: антропогенное воздействие, биоиндикация, биологическая активность, чернозем, зоопарк. Урбанизация в настоящее время является одним из основных факторов, изменяющих экологическое состояние природы. Состояние почвеннорастительного покрова городов привлекает большое внимание исследова
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