While concepts of "enclosure" and the "commons" are becoming increasingly popular in critical geography, there have been few attempts to think them together. This paper sets out a dialectic of enclosure-commons as a means for thinking through contemporary processes of exclusion, violence and alterity. We examine what is at stake through a geographical reading of enclosure, that is, the processes through which neoliberalism works through-and summons into existence-certain forms of spatiality and subjectivity. In doing so we confront the spatialities of enclosure's "other": strategies and practices of commoning which assemble more inclusive, just and sustainable spaces. We examine the materiality of enclosure across a range of sites, from processes of walling to a more substantial assessment of the diverse assemblage of materials and subjectivities drawn into modalities of enclosure. We go on to explore the inscription of enclosure on the human body through an examination of, first, law, and second, biopolitics. In conclusion, we explore the implications of this argument for critical geographical scholarship.
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Many tools have been developed for visualization of RNA secondary structures using a variety of techniques and output formats. However, each tool is typically limited to one or two of the visualization models discussed in this paper, supports only a single file format, and is tied to a specific platform. In order for structure prediction researchers to better understand the results of their algorithms and to enable life science researchers to interpret RNA structure easily, it is helpful to provide them with a flexible and powerful tool.jViz.Rna is a multiplatform visualization tool capable of displaying RNA secondary structures encoded in a variety of file formats. The same structure can be viewed using any of the models supported, including linked graph, circle graph, dot plot, and classical structure. Also, the output is dynamic and can easily be further manipulated by the user. In addition, any of the drawings produced can be saved in either the EPS or PNG file formats enabling easy usage in publications and presentations.
This paper introduces a set of analytical frames that explore the possibilities of conceiving, researching and writing a global geography of squatting. The paper argues that it is possible to detect, in the most tenuous of urban settings, ways of thinking about and living urban life that have the potential to reanimate the city as a key site of geographical inquiry. The paper develops a modest theory of 'urban combats' to account for the complexity and provisionality of squatting as an informal set of practices, as a makeshift approach to housing and as a precarious form of inhabiting the city.
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