Frequently occured dry years and a sharp decrease of productivity and gross harvests of grain crops require scientifically grounded selection of grain crops that stabilize its production. Currently, the drought resistant sorghum varieties can become a good alternative for the main spring grain crops. In the Luhansk region, the average annual amount of precipitation is 475 mm, which confirms the advantage in growing grain sorghum over other spring grain crops. However, plant density of the modern recommended grain sorghum varieties related to specific soil and climatic conditions has not yet been studied enough. The purpose of the current research was to study and highlight the optimal plant density of the grain sorghum variety ‘Ataman' in the conditions of the Luhansk region. The study was carried out on the basis of the Luhansk National Agricultural University in 2018-2019. Sorghum was sown at the rate of 350.000 germinated grains per hectare. In a sprouting phase, plant density was manually formed according to the experimental scheme (from 40 to 340 thousand/ha). The study of the new early-ripening grain sorghum variety ‘Ataman', developed by the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”, showed that regardless of the moisture supply and the thermal regime during vegetation, it was advisable to grow this variety with a plant density of 140-220 thousand/ha. In the conditions of the Luhansk region with mineral nutrition N60P40, it was possible to form the productivity of the grain sorghum variety ‘Ataman' at the level of 5.06-5.52 t/ha of grain and more. The vegetation period of the variety ‘Ataman', depending on the plant density and weather/climatic conditions of the year, was 90-102 days, which made it possible to harvest it in the 1st-2nd decade of September without additional drying of the grain. The variety did not lodge or shed its grain, and was also resistant to grain aphids.
In modern conditions of global climate change towards warming, in order to guarantee the provision of an increasing population of the planet with food, and especially grain, the issue of selecting the most productive, drought-resistant and heat-resistant crops becomes very urgent. One of such promising plants is sorghum grain, the main products of which are used for food, fodder and technical purposes. Almost every year, this crop in the steppe arid regions significantly exceeds traditional spring crops -oats, barley, corn and millet. In the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in Russia for 2019, 120 domestic and foreign varieties and hybrids of grain sorghum were registered. The purpose of the research is to study the productivity of modern hybrids of sorghum grain in the soil and climatic conditions of the steppe zone on the basis of the Lugansk National Agrarian University in the crop rotation of the Department of Agriculture and Environmental Ecology (2016)(2017)(2018). As a result of the studies, the most productive and maximally adapted crop varieties were established, which have the highest manufacturability and guaranteed maturation by the end of the growing season. In all the studied hybrids, no shedding of grain from panicles was recorded, even when the plants were stopped. The greatest damage to the leaves of cereal aphids was found in the wetter 2016. The average productivity of grain sorghum in the favorable year was 6.2 t / ha, in the arid year 2018 -5.01 t / ha. On average, in 2016-2018, the highest yields (over 6.0 t / ha of grain) were obtained for early-ripening hybrids Frisket and PR88Y20 and mid-early Puma Star, Solarius and Bianka. These developments can be successfully implemented in agricultural production of the steppe regions of the North Caucasus region.
The article presents data on the influence of different sowing times on consumptive water use of millet and grain sorghum crops when grown in the conditions of the eastern part of Ukraine. The research was carried out on the experimental field of Lugansk State Agrarian University in 2011-2012 and 2016-2018. On average for 2016 -2018 the total consumptive water use of millet from a metre-deep layer of soil was 2052.4 m 3 /ha. The greatest total consumptive water use was on the sowing date on May 5 (2589.7 m 3 /ha). The minimum total consumptive water use was during sowing on June 5 (1432.7 m 3 / ha). The smallest amount of water for the formation of 1 ton of grain was on the sowing date on June 5 (631.9 m 3 /t). The greatest payback of water resources by grain yield was on late sowing dates (1.43-1.66 kg/m 3 ). More economical use of soil moisture for the formation of 1 ton of grain when growing grain sorghum was noted on a sowing date on May 15 (462.7 m 3 /t). The maximum payback of water resources with sorghum yield was also obtained at this sowing period (2.16 kg/m 3 ).
The main purpose of using plant growth regulators is to improve the resistance and adaptation of grain crops to unfavorable environmental factors, which ultimately result in an increase of productivity and product quality. Therefore, the energetic estimation of the efficiency of their utilization is of practical importance. The purpose of the research was to study the bioenergetic efficiency of the use of plant growth regulators and micronutrient fertilizers separately and in combination with mineral fertilizers on millet. The study was conducted on ordinary blackearth (chernozem) in the central part of the Lugansk region on the basis of the experimental plot of the Lugansk National Agricultural University in 2016–2018. In the field trials there was used the millet variety ‘Mironovskoye 51’. The trial included three nutritional backgrounds, such as without fertilizers; with N30P30K30 and N60P60K60; treating seeds and plants during the vegetation period with plant growth regulators ‘Kelpak’, ‘RK’, ‘Black Jack’, ‘Niva Lyuks’ and ‘Siliplant’. The trials, records and observations, and the study of bioenergetic efficiency of plant growth regulators were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods. There was found that the use of mineral fertilizers with N30P30K30 and N60P60K60 significantly (by 17.4–32.1%) raised the total energy consumption by millet in comparison with unfertilized sowings. The use of the studied fertilizers increased the energy yield by 15.3–29.8% and allowed obtaining 24.8–26.6 hwt/ha of grain on average. There has been established that the largest energy yield (46.5 GJ/ha) and productivity (25.6–29.0 hwt/ha) of millet were provided by the utilization of the product ‘Siliplant’. The smallest indicator of energy output (41.3 GJ/ha) and productivity (24.4 hwt/ha) was identified when using the products ‘Kelpak’, ‘RK’ and ‘Niva Lyuks’. There have been established the such effective variants of the trial as the use of the products ‘Black Jack’, ‘Niva Lyuks’ and ‘Siliplant’ on an unfertilized background with the largest coefficient of energetic efficiency (4.0–4.3 units).
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