The paper lays the ground for a new complex criminalistic methodology - the methodology of investigating advenal crimes. The basic criterion for differentiating this methodology is the criminalistic description of the personalities of the perpetrator, the victim and the person who knows about the crime. In this case such a person is an advenal (an advenal person) - a person possessing social and psychological characteristics, whose actions are based on genetically determined factors and who, due to his/her ethnicity, is different from the representatives of the Russian macro-ethnos by the ethnic language, folk and domestic culture, rituals and ethnic self-consciousness, which influences the reflection processes when criminal actions are committed or perceived. The authors show the difference of the concept «advenal» from the concepts «foreigner», «foreign citizen», «migrant», «member of an ethnic criminal group». They stress that advenal, unlike the above-mentioned categories, has a specific criminalistic content and lacks a primary international law, administrative law, criminal law or criminal procedure meaning. When analyzing the concept of an advenal person the authors single out and substantiate its key features - the difference from the dominant ethnos by a number of physical and socio-psychological characteristics; living in an uncustomary environment; the impact of the ethnic factor on the mechanism of crime and the processes of perceiving, processing, analyzing criminally relevant information. They determine the key trends of using the criminalistic category of an «advenal person» and conclude that the methodology of investigating advenal crimes is based on the criminalistic description of an advenal person regardless of his/her citizenship, procedural status, frequency of crossing the border of the Russian Federation. It is a combination of theoretical foundations and resulting practical recommendations on organizing and carrying out the identification, investigation and prevention of crimes committed by advenal persons, against advenal persons or when the circumstances of a crime are mainly known to the advenal persons whose characteristics, reflected in their actions, determine the activities of the investigator in the process of collecting, examining and evaluating proof on the criminal cases of this category.
The article presents an overview of modern possibilities of criminalistic habitoscopy in the conditions of global digitization. Methodological recommendations on the investigation and solution of cybercrimes should have a serious research and methodological basis, and criminalistic habitoscopy could provide such a basis. In the situation of global digitization and the use of virtual channels of communication (video conference calls), the characteristics of a persons outward features should include perceptibility, or the ability of the subject of perception (human sense organs or technical devices) to identity specific features of that persons look. In connection with this, the authors claim that a persons outward features are a complex system of elements that together form his or her appearance - an image that is visually perceived by other people or by devices. Taking into account the perceptibility of a persons outward look, his or her general physical features, besides the traditional ones, will include the geometry of hands, the vein structure on palm surfaces, finger thermogram, face and skull geometry, etc., all of which have a high criminalistic value. However, considering the current sanitary and epidemiology measures undertaken in Russia (wearing medical masks and gloves), climate (covering faces with scarves and kerchiefs) and cultural (women wearing national clothes that cover their faces, men with stubble or a beard) specifics, as well as the methods of falsifying anatomical features and counteracting criminalistic technologies already developed by the criminals, the authors view the research of the dynamic characteristics of a persons outward appearance in the form of digital behavior as the most perspective area. These characteristics primarily concern stylometry (keyboard handwriting) - a set of dynamic characteristics of pressing keys on a computer keyboard, which includes a system of subconscious automatic actions habitual to the user. Besides, the most relevant features of digital behavior should include digital handwriting, gestures, facial expression and lip movement.
The article examines certain aspects of the global development of criminality in the near future. Particular emphasis is placed on several trends that are already manifesting themselves at the present time: a) growing virtualization of criminality; b) reduction of effectiveness (performance) of some forms of criminal violence; c) increase of conspiracy of criminal activity; d) growing rates of «victimless crime». In analyzing these indicators, the article offers a hypothesis of the «humanization» of modern criminality, which manifests in reducing the number of violent crimes, as less effective in the current historical context. It considers some particular examples of criminal activity that confirm the authors' conclusions (for example, cookie-dropping, hidden mining, unobvious frauds). In general, an analysis of the current state of affairs allows to make a conclusion about the extremely topical issue of systematic and comprehensive assessment of the expected Internet threats, comparative study of methods to counter them in the context of various legal systems and the ability of national legislation to adequately respond to new challenges.
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