The purpose of this paper is summarize the state-ofknowledge of the effects of power system harmonics on equipment. The general mechanisms presented are thermal overloading, disruption, and dielectric stressing. Quantitative effects are presented o r referenced whenever possible. However, many of the effects are can only be qualitatively described. The equipment considered are adjustable speed
IEEE Recommended Practice 519 sets specific limits on harmonic voltages and currents at the "point of common coupling", which is usually interpreted as the revenue meter. Although most utilities will employ these limits simply to persuade and encourage their customers to reduce harmonics (and vice versa), it is also possible to construct economic incentives to encourage both the utility and the consumer to remain within the limits described in IEEE 519. This paper discusses seven approaches to this challenge, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each.It appears that the "Harmonic-Adjusted Power Factor " approach is pradical, justifiable, compatible with existing rate structures, and relatively easy to implement. This paper was presented at the 1994 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition held in Chicago, Illinois, April 1&15. 1994.IEEE Recommended Practice 519 [ 11 sets out specific limits on harmonic voltages and currents at the point-of-commoncoupling between supplier and consumer of electric power. The limits on harmonic currents apply to the consumer; the limits on harmonic voltages apply to the supplier.In most circumstances, the supplier is an electric utility company, the consumer is a customer of that utility, and the point-of-common-coupling is a revenue meter in the secondary supply.Now that these limits have been established and published, how can utilities encourage their customers to operate within them? Also, should incentives be in place to encourage utilities to operate within the recommended harmonic voltage limits?
WHY RATE STRUCTURES OUGHT TO BE
MODIFIED FOR HARMONICSElectric utility rate-making has always been based on assumptions and averages in order to keep it fair and simple. Average operating costs, land costs, maintenance costs and so forth are used to predict revenue needs, and assumptions about power factor and load factor are built into the rates. In the past, whenever these assumptions proved inaccurate for certain classes of customers. rate structures were modified. Typical 0885-8977/95/$04.00 0 1994 IEEE
The EMU-30/E generator set was developed and produced under contract to the USAF for use in the 407L Tactical Air Control System. For this application, two generator sets, complete with auxiliary equipment, are installed on a pallet to form an A/E24U-8 power plant. One EMU-30/E generator set provides the precise 400-Hz power required for the 3-D radar, computers, communications system, and air conditioning; the second set is on “standby” and will automatically start and assume the electrical load if the operating unit malfunctions. Due to the broad range of operating conditions, precise power limits, high reliability, and low maintenance requirements of the 407L System, the design of the EMU-30/E generator set had to incorporate certain unique features such as solid-state electronic controls, winterization equipment, automatic fault shotdown, and automatic paralleling capabilities. The design concept was based on using proven equipment, such as the Titan gas turbine engine, an alternator, and advanced electronic controls, all packaged into a compact and rugged enclosure and featuring low maintenance requirements and ease of servicing.
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