Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of the highly, infectious disease, tularemia. Amongst the genes identified as essential to the virulence of F. tularensis was the proposed serine hydrolase FTT0941c. Herein, we purified FTT0941c to homogeneity and then characterized the folded stability, enzymatic activity, and substrate specificity of FTT0941c. Based on phylogenetic analysis, FTT0941c was classified within a divergent Francisella subbranch of the bacterial hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) superfamily, but with the conserved sequence motifs of a bacterial serine hydrolase. FTT0941c showed broad hydrolase activity against diverse libraries of ester substrates, including significant hydrolytic activity across alkyl ester substrates from 2 to 8 carbons in length. Among a diverse library of fluorogenic substrates, FTT0941c preferred α-cyclohexyl ester substrates, matching with the substrate specificity of structural homologues and the broad open architecture of its modeled binding pocket. By substitutional analysis, FTT0941c was confirmed to have a classic catalytic triad of Ser115, His278, and Asp248 and to remain thermally stable even after substitution. Its overall substrate specificity profile, divergent phylogenetic homology, and preliminary pathway analysis suggested potential biological functions for FTT0941c in diverse metabolic degradation pathways in F. tularensis.
Whole body cryotherapy (WBC) is a medical treatment utilizing sub-freezing temperatures to enhance recovery after exercise and facilitate injury rehabilitation. Recently the therapy has been advocated to help skin appear and feel healthier, fight age-related deficiencies, and increase antioxidant production. The currently available evidence appears to be insufficient to support the use of WBC for improving skin and there is some small potential for risk. There are no well-controlled studies evaluating the clinical effects of WBC on the skin. Although there is selected data to support possible theories for WBC's purported skin rejuvenation effects, the evidence at this time remains limited. Further investigation may be warranted to determine if WBC can actually have a proven beneficial effect on skin.
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