The technique of therapeutic metaphor is largely used in psychotherapeutic practice as a "system of empirical techniques", and has no scientific basis. The status of "tool", "method" is insufficient for the interpretation of psychotherapeutic metaphor. Metaphor is a complex entity that operates at different levels of personal organization. It works not only as an oriental metaphor, as a fairy tale, which due to the fascinating effect deepens the penetration of "correct" content in the conscious and subconscious of the client. An important feature of the metaphor is not that it "advises" the client, provides a correct understanding of the situation, problems and solutions. This understanding of metaphor makes it gently directive, a kind of veiled advice. Metaphor allows a person to enter all layers of their own existence, including somatic organization, to transform their own experience. Therefore, the therapeutic metaphor is an experiential approach to solving their own problems. The article presents work with a client who had very unarticulated complaints. The work was devoted to the realization of the metaphor of life, which had manifestations at all levels of the early emotional scheme - cognitive, emotional, somatic, early memories and motivation. The original metaphor of life "humble" vs "free" was transformed into a metaphor of "web" vs "sea". In the second healthy metaphor, the connotation of the poles changes and a new somatic structure is formed. The following conclusions were made: 1) the client's life really corresponds to some metaphor, it is built for it; 2) such a metaphor is either not realized at all by the client, or partially; 3) the therapist helps the client to understand the metaphor of life, which has a somatic (vegetative-sensory) status - emotions-in-the-body and thoughts-in-the-body (in this case, the somatic structure of the lifestyle "humble" - belching, sore throat, bloated stomach , compressed stomach, poured like foot pads, etc.); 4) it is necessary to determine the negative life consequences of such a metaphor; 5) as a rule, the metaphor carries polarity ("humble" vs "free"). Each pole has certain connotative meanings that should be articulated; 6) it is necessary to determine the direction of flow of internal dynamic forces in this case, the main flow is realized in the direction of "free" vs "humbly." Healthy flow should be carried out in the opposite direction; 7) you need to offer the client a new metaphor, with other poles that have the opposite connotative load ("humble" vs "web"; "free" vs "sea"). Such a transformation of life metaphor is aimed at forming new, healthy somatic and emotional roots ("sea" - joy, pleasure, relaxation, freedom, easy breathing, free, light legs, etc.); 8) the new metaphor should be perceived by the client as one that corresponds to their perceptual field. The transformation of life metaphors predisposes to lifestyle transformation.
Gender functioning is based on structural specifics in gender-role personality organization. Different gender-role patterns were described determining masculinity (M) and femininity (F) specific relations. Androgyny pattern shows basis for personality full- grown functioning.Discrepancies in androgyny understanding:level-sensitive - high parameters and masculinity;structural - masculinity and femininity independence. No methodology for androgyny structural diagnosis.Tasks:to reveal age-associated mechanism in gender-role patterns change;to develop structural pattern diagnosis methodology.AimsTo show gender-role pattern age-specificity.MethodsS. Bem questionnairegender-role A.B. Heilbrun ACL-scaleabove mentioned scale modified by A. KocharianResultsSex-linked dynamics of gender-role pattern formation in ontogenesis has been revealed. Continual-alternative pattern is normal for boys up to 15-16-year age when M and F exclude one another. Correct passage of masculine filters ensures boy’s “breakaway” from “almighty mother” and leads in adolescence to “male chauvinism” phenomenon that performs healthy development. Similar aged girls show continual-adjunctive pattern with no M and F exclusion. Masculinity gives girl certain advantages and normally doesn’t exclude femininity features generation. Since 15-16-year age both sexes demonstrate androgyny pattern formation. This is regular for population of Ukraine while deviations predispose to problems in partner communication.The developed methodology allows to evaluate actual type of gender-role personality pattern.Conclusionsage-associated dynamics of structural gender-role personality patterns formation exists, deviations are serious prerequisites for partner communication problems;this dynamics is sex-linked;special developed psychometric scale allows to evaluate actual type of gender-role personality pattern.
The article presents an overview of the problems of child violence, a wide range of its variants-physical, sexual and psychological violence, etc. It is shown that child violence has the quality of transgeneration, in one form or another, is reproduced in the next generations. The experience of violence is also a negative predictor of violent behavior that will manifest itself in the upbringing of their own children. Indicators of the epidemiology of violence are presented. The data vary greatly, for example, the prevalence of sexual violence ranges from 3% to 36%. Sexual violence mainly affects children between the ages of 6 and 13. Children under the age of 4 are most likely to suffer from physical and psychological abuse. Up to a third of victims of sexual violence may show appropriate behavior towards their own or other children. An overview of the factors that predispose / retard the formation of child violence is presented. These are factors such as age, gender, ethnic origin, disability, and social status of the parents. Prevention work should be based on a multi-level concept (multiple participants or institutions are involved). Appropriate measures to prevent violence should not (cannot) only target children / young people, but should also affect, in particular, parents and schools. KEYWORDS: sexual, physical and psychological abuse of children, epidemiology and prevention of child violence.
The basic theoretical principals of the process theory in client-centered psychotherapy - its stages, the purpose, the basic properties - are discussed in the article. It has been concluded that the process represented by C. Rogers hardly describes the psychotherapy itself; it reflects the process of personal growth. The model of the process motion as liberation from “blocking” emotional experiences is presented. The “block” structure and the model of a “capillary blocked with plaques” as well as clinical examples of “organismic flow” liberation are described. These ‘blocking’ emotions have specific qualities: 1) they are “stuck together” – there are no stand-alone offence, anger, helplessness etc.; they form an integral conglomerate; 2) they are resistant to an influence; 3) they do not disappear completely – they only abate and hide, forming a potential emotionality, which can become actual on the most insignificant occasion; 4) they are somatized,; 5) they are not flowing. “Blocking” emotions have a complex structure: they are based on unconscious primary “blocking” emotional experience (for example, the feeling of second-ratedness) and “secondary” emotional experiences are overlaying on it. Only when the primary components are removed from the structure of “blocking” emotional experience, the conglomerate of “blocking” feelings falls apart into separate emotions, that are ready to move. If any part of psychic becomes “dead”, for example, love and sexuality, then the quality “sort of” emerges in the functionality of an individual. Two clinical examples of work with “blocking” experiences are presented.
Purpose. Only a few medical terms are used as often, even in a metaphorically way, as the words placebo and nocebo. Almost any psychologist and psychotherapist think he/she knows well what by a placebo or nocebo is understood, but usually without really being able to explain it exactly and how it works. In addition, most psychologists and psychotherapists immediately think of clinical trials. However, many things are attributed to the placebo or nocebo effect that does not really fall under this concept in terms of a strict scientific terminology. Therefore, the following article summarizes the ongoing debate on placebo/nocebo effects by citing the current scientific literature. Methods. To realize the purpose of the study, we used the methods of theoretical scientific research. Results. In summary patients are more prone to develop nocebo effects are those with alternative or negative healthcare beliefs or experiences or unrealistic perceptions about treatment; managing these factors is a core strategy to counteract the nocebo effect. Conclusions. Healthcare professionals can help to minimise the influence of the nocebo effect by considering how information about treatments, including benefits and adverse effects, is framed and communicated. Establishing a positive interaction from the start and involving patients in decisions about their treatment and ensuring they understand the cause of their illness and what they can do to manage their symptoms is likely to lead to better treatment outcomes.
The article examines the quality of the course of the psychotherapeutic process at different levels of the client’s mental organization. It is shown that the experiences of a client with a low level of mental organization become incomprehensible to the psychotherapist, and the client becomes inaccessible. There is a tendency for the psychotherapist to avoid direct contact with the client's experiences, replacing emotional empathy with “knowledge” - “empathic knowledge”, “knowledgeable understanding”, and “sympathetic knowledge”. Such intellectual representation of the psychotherapist in contact can be useful both for the psychotherapist and for the client. At the same time, it results in the avoidance of direct emotional contact, which leads away from understanding the psychotherapeutic contact by C. Rogers. The denomination technique allows to clear the experience from the intellectual "husk" and get a pure living experience. This can happen in “body-experience-memory” space. The place the denominalization should be started depends on the characteristics of the organization of the client's psyche. Activation of one component of the specified space eventually leads to activation of the other. These components are the elements of the "emotional scheme." Three variants of denomination are described: 1) instructing - carrying a client into depth of experiences; 2) focusing - helping a client to enter the closed experiences; 3) support. The latter option is more specific for lower organized structures of the psyche. An important condition for the work of the psychotherapist against client’s protective function of intellectualization is actualization of the organismic tendency, otherwise the likelihood of retraumatization of the client is high.
The article considers the problem of the quality of the course of the psychotherapeutic process. It is shown that there are features of the client's mental organization that determine the effectiveness of therapy. An important parameter in assessing a client's resource is the presence of a qualitative metacognitive functioning in it, which includes: the authenticity and naturalness of the experience, as well as the reflection of the sources of these experiences. It is shown that the reflexive technique described by K. Rogers works exclusively on optimal processes, where there is an easy, natural transition between the different components of the emotional scheme: actual experience, a system of early memories, bodily manifestations, intellectual interpretations and motivation. If there is no such transition, a number of difficult phenomena of the process are observed. It can not be explained that the reflexive technique does not work solely with the client's unwillingness to change or the inadequate preparation of the therapist. It is necessary to supplement the strategy of "following" the client's strategy of "management", which will significantly improve the effectiveness of therapy. Following and conducting are two interconnected processes, only in unity they allow to actualize the organismic tendency. The author concludes: 1) it should be recognized that the "stopping" of the psychotherapeutic process can be caused not by the client's unreadiness, but by the way of organizing his psyche; 2) one of the options for conceptualizing such a "stalling" is a violation of metacognitive functioning, which includes the authenticity and naturalness of experiences, as well as an understanding of their sources; 3) successful metacognitive functioning is associated with the experience of safe attachments; 4) the process of "following" the client can be supplemented by the strategy of "leadership".
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