A methodological
survey of density functional theory (DFT) methods
for the prediction of UV–visible (vis)–near-infrared
(NIR) spectra of phthalocyanines is reported. Four methods, namely,
full time-dependent (TD)-DFT and its Tamm–Dancoff approximation
(TDA), together with their simplified modifications (sTD-DFT and sTDA,
respectively), were tested by using the examples of unsubstituted
and alkoxy-substituted metal-free ligands and zinc complexes. The
theoretical results were compared with experimental data derived from
UV–visible absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy.
Seven popular exchange-correlation functionals (BP86, B3LYP, TPSSh,
M06, CAM-B3LYP, LC-BLYP, and ωB97X) were tested within these
four approaches starting at a relatively modest level using 6-31G(d)
basis sets and gas-phase BP86/def2-SVP optimized geometries. A gradual
augmentation of the computational levels was used to identify the
influence of starting geometry, solvation effects, and basis sets
on the results of TD-DFT and sTD-DFT calculations. It was found that
although these factors do influence the predicted energies of the
vertical excitations, they do not affect the trends predicted in the
spectral properties across series of structurally related substituted
free bases and metallophthalocyanines. The best accuracy for the gas-phase
vertical excitations was observed in the lower-energy Q-band region
for calculations that made use of range-separated hybrids for both
full and simplified TD-DFT approaches. The CAM-B3LYP functional provided
particularly accurate results in the context of the sTD-DFT approach.
The description of the higher-energy B-band region is considerably
less accurate, and this demonstrates the need for further advances
in the accuracy of theoretical calculations. Together with a general
increase in accuracy, the application of simplified TD-DFT methods
affords a 2–3 orders of magnitude speedup of the calculations
in comparison to the full TD-DFT approach. It is anticipated that
this approach will be widely used on desktop computers during the
interpretation of UV–vis–NIR spectra of phthalocyanines
and related macrocycles in the years ahead.
Two series of diphosphoryl-substituted porphyrins were synthesized and characterized by electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry in nonaqueous media containing 0.1 M tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate (TBAP). The investigated compounds are 5,15-bis(diethoxyphosphoryl)-10,20-diphenylporphyrins (Ph)2(P(O)(OEt)2)2PorM and 5,15-bis(diethoxyphosphoryl)-10,20-di(para-carbomethoxyphenyl)porphyrins (PhCOOMe)2(P(O)(OEt)2)2PorM where M = 2H, Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), or Pd(II). The free-base and five metalated porphyrins with nonredox active centers undergo two ring-centered oxidations and two ring-centered reductions, the latter of which is followed by a chemical reaction of the porphyrin dianion to give an anionic phlorin product. The phlorin anion is electroactive and can be reoxidized by two electrons to give back the starting porphyrin, or it can be reversibly reduced by one electron at more negative potentials to give a phlorin dianion. The chemical conversion of the porphyrin dianion to a phlorin anion proceeds at a rate that varies with the nature of the central metal ion and the solvent. This rate is slowest in the basic solvent pyridine as compared to CH2Cl2 and PhCN, giving further evidence for the involvement of protons in the chemical reaction leading to phlorin formation. Calculations of the electronic structure were performed on the Ni(II) porphyrin dianion, and the most favorable atoms for electrophilic attack were determined to be the two phosphorylated carbon atoms. Phlorin formation was not observed after the two-electron reduction of the cobalt porphyrins due to the different oxidation state assignment of the doubly reduced species, a Co(I) π anion radical in one case and an M(II) dianion for all of the other derivatives. Each redox reaction was monitored by thin-layer UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry, and an overall mechanism for each electron transfer is proposed on the basis of these data.
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