With increased emphasis on bio-diesel fuels, the influence of spring planting on development of brown mustard (Brassica juncea cv. Arid), canola (B. napus cv. Hyola 401) and camelina (Camelina sativa cv. Boa) has become important. Field trials were conducted at Scottsbluff,
Canola oil is high in oleic acid which is commonly used for food and industrial purposes. To determine adaptability of spring canola (Brassica napus L.) to the High Plains for industrial oil production, 26 irrigated trials were conducted from 2005 to 2008. Trials were divided into five regions-1: 36-37 • N 108 • W; 2: 39-40 • N 101-103 • W; 3: 41-42 • N 102-103 • W; 4: 41-42 • N 104 • W; 5: 43-44 • N 106-108 • W. Cultural practices were based on site-specific protocols. Four cultivars, Hyola 401, Hyola 357 Magnum, SW Marksman, and SW Patriot, were planted in replicated plots in April or May under standard irrigation and harvested in July to October depending on region. Seed yield Hyola 401 and Hyola 357 Magnum were higher than SW Marksman and SW Patriot across the five regions and within Regions 1, 2, 3, and 5. Regions 1, 2 and 3 yielded significantly greater than did Regions 4 and 5. Samples from 18 trials were examined for their oil content and fatty acid distribution. The four cultivars had greater than 38% oil content; SW Marksman and SW Patriot had higher oil content than Hyola 401 and Hyola 357 Mag. Higher oil content was achieved in Regions 1, 4 and 5. Across and within regions, the percent of oleic acid did not differ for the four cultivars. The mean content of oleic acid decreased going north from Region 2 to Region 5, as did seed yield in the High Plains. Linoleic acid increased going north from Region 1. Linolenic acids showed little variation across regions. Considering yield and total oil content together, growing spring canola would be excellent in the High Plains.
With increased emphasis for diesel substitution, production of brown mustard (Brassica juncea), canola (Brassica napus) and camelina (Camelina sativa) used as biodiesels may increase in the High Plains. Since these are new crops to this region, understanding their growth is critical for their acceptance. The objective was to elucidate the growth pattern of these crops when spring-planted in western Nebraska. Field trials were conducted in 2005, 2006 and 2007 with early May planting. Plots were seeded 2 cm deep at 200 plants m −2. Four plants were destructively sampled at about 28, 40, 53, 61, and 82 days after planting (DAP). Canopy growth was field measured. Canopy heights peaked by 61 DAP at 95, 85 and 70 cm for brown mustard, canola and camelina, respectively. Stem length increased to 82 DAP at the rates of 1.24, 1.22 and 0.85 cm/d for brown mustard, canola and camelina, respectively. Root weight accumulated linearly from 28 to 61 DAP. The Brassica grew roots faster and achieved higher weights than camelina. From 28 to 40 DAP, vine fresh weight accumulated rapidly for these crops, leveled and then gradually declined as leaves desiccated. Vine dry weight increased to 61 DAP and then plateaued. The maximum vine dry weights, reached at 61 DAP, were 4.3, 4.5 and 3.0 g/plant for brown mustard, canola and camelina, respectively. By 61 DAP, pods were present and accumulated dry matter while leaves senesced. Pod fresh weight reached its peak at 61 DAP while its dry weight increased linearly to 82 DAP at rates of 0.36, 0.24 and 0.096 g/d for brown mustard, canola and camelina, respectively. Harvest in 2006 showed no significant (p < 0.05) difference between crops with a mean yield of about 1500 kg ha −1. Fatty acid composition was dramatically different between the crops as previously reported. The growth patterns of these crops indicated that all three would be suitable for production in the northern High Plains.
The High Plains of the U.S.A. is subject to periodic drought where low-water using crops are desired. Camelina is a potential biofuel crop that may be suitable for this region. The objective was to determine the growth, seed yield, and oil characteristic of camelina exposed to four levels of applied water in western Nebraska. The cultivar Cheyenne was exposed to rain-fed only (RF), and irrigated with 10 (LI), 20 (MI), and 30 (HI) cm water. Irrigation increased plant growth as measured by canopy height, stem length, and canopy weight. Maximum height (70-80 cm) was reached by 10 weeks after planting (WAP) with a total of 23 cm of applied water or 13 cm of irrigation. By 13 WAP, canopy and pod fresh weights were increased by 40 to 50% by the MI and HI irrigations. Likewise, at harvest (13 WAP), plant dry weight was increased by 50% by the two higher irrigation levels. Seed yields were increased by each incremental increase in irrigation from 890 kg/ha for RF to 2540 for HI, a 2.85-fold increase. Oil content was not affected by irrigating at the LI or MI but was increased only by the HI irrigation level. The fatty acid profile was altered by irrigation with an increase in the major constituent, linolenic acid, and a corresponding decrease in two other large constituents, oleic and linoleic acids. There also was a slight increase in the minor constituent of erucic acid. The growth pattern of camelina showed that 23 cm of
Among seeds that do not have hard coats or require scarification for water imbibition, external tissue layers, commonly the endosperm, may mechanically restrain expansion of the embryo (3,8,9). Two mechanisms for overcoming the postulated mechanical restraint have been suggested: (a) the mechanical force of the growing embryo pushing against the endosperm, and (b) a chemical weakening of the endosperm in addition to this mechanical force of embryo expansion (1, 2, 7). We suggest that both these mechanisms occur in normal germination of lettuce seeds. This suggestion follows from experiments in which certain chlorine compounds seem to inhibit preferentially the second mechanism.About 200 seeds of Lactuca sativa var. New York were sown in 15 X 90 mm Petri dishes containing two pieces of Whatman No. 1 filter paper and 10 ml of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0%,o aqueous solutions of sodium dichloroisocyanurate, also known as sodium dichloros-triazinetrione (used to chlorinate swimming pools and available in 95 7o purity from Sears, Roebuck & Co.). Other seeds were washed in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and then sown in sterile water. The seeds were put into a growth chamber set for a 16-hr photoperiod with 21/18 C temperature cycle. When seeds were sown in 0.25 or 0.57% dichloroisocyanurate or washed in hypochlorite, 10 to 30% of the embryos buckled after 3 days, owing to expansion of the embryo plus the mechanical restraint of the endosperm (possibly with the integumentary membrane attached) (Fig. 1, Table I). No buckling was observed in seeds cut transversely through the cotyledons in such a way that the endosperm's mechanical restraint to expansion of the embryonic axis was removed. Consequently, these compounds do not cause the growth abnormality on embryos unless there is mechanical restraint by the endosperm. By the 4th day, atypical germination (i.e., protrusion not occurring near the radicle end) was observed in 0.5 to 4%O of the uncut seeds (Table I). In both the cut and uncut seeds in dichloroisocyanurate or hypochlorite, the embryonic axis elongated from about 1 to 2.5 mm while the cotyledons showed a relatively insignificant expansion. (In normal germination no embryo growth can be detected before protrusion.) No buckling was observed in uncut seeds sown in various concentrations of sodium chloride. The active agent in sodium dichloroisocyanurate and sodium hypochlorite is therefore presumed to be the chlorine released (10).Low concentrations of dichloroisocyanurate (e.g., 1 mg/ml) did not seem to interfere with the chemical weakening of the endosperm, and the seeds germinated normally. High concentrations (e.g., >10 mg/ml) prevented embryo growth also and the seeds appeared as typical ungerminated seeds (Table I).We interpret these observations as indicating that the two chlorine-releasing compounds inhibit a chemical weakening of
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