Modernization of Russian education at the boundary of XIX-XX centuries and the contribution of distinguished Russian reformer S. Vitte to establishing the system of commercial education in Russia are considered in the article. The author reveals the activity of secondary, as well as higher commercial educational establishments, taking into account the fundamentals of their organization: specifics of financing, organization of educational process, level of teaching.
The present article contains analysis of the human capital problem of electrotechnical industry during the economic modernization at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries, which was conducted based on archive sources stored in the Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA), Central State Historical Archive of Saint Petersburg (CSHA SPb) and Central State Archive of Moscow (CSA of Moscow), official pre-revolutionary statistics collections and scientific literature. Based on the example of the largest energy company in Russia – “Electric lighting company of 1886”, established by the entrepreneur originated from Germany, Karl Siemens, the process of russification of the foreign management in electrotechnical industry is demonstrated. Domination of foreign specialists at the initial stage of the establishment of industry was mostly caused by objective circumstances, connected both with specifics of functioning of joint stock companies in Russia and with the absence of the required competencies of local managers related to the management of electrotechnical companies. On the one hand, this problem was being resolved by granting a Russian citizenship to the founders and shareholders of acting joint stock companies and on the other hand, this niche was actively occupied by the graduates of local technical schools who displaced foreign management. This process has been developing most quickly during the First World War when the state introduced instead of foreign shareholders a “special management board” represented by local specialists. However, this problem has not been fully resolved due to various reasons.
The article is dedicated to the topic, which is important at present time: formation of human capital as an important factor of the social and economic development of society. Modernization of education plays an essential part in terms of the development of human capital during all historical stages and its importance grows significantly alongside with the economic growth of the country. The role of education and necessity to improve its quality became of significant value for Russia during the economic modernization on the cusp of the 19th–20th centuries. In this article, the author makes an attempt to analyze the experience of formation of different levels of electro-technical education during the economic modernization, as well as to reveal the role of civil society in this process. The Russian economic modernization implied the formation of a competitive industrial complex, which included mining, manufacturing industries and transport. The electro-technical industry, which was lacking trained personnel, was the most quickly developing one. The discussion in the relevant journals as well as during the work of All-Russia electro-technical congresses set up, to the most extent, the main ways to form all the levels of electro-technical education, which helped to train personnel for the respective industry. The author analyzed both the available experience in realization of lower and secondary specialized electro-technical education and the new approaches to its organization, developed mostly in the Electro-technical department of the Emperor’s Russian Technical Society (ERTS). Apart from that, there was a curious attempt to open a higher electro-technical school in Moscow based on the European (mostly French) experience, which was oriented mostly towards additional training of the already working engineering and technical specialists.
The article provides an analysis on the activity of the first shareholding company in the Russian film industry. The analysis is based on archival documents from the Russian State Archive and the State Achieve of the Republic of Crimea, as well as on published sources, available literature and Khanzhonkov’s own memoirs. The main focus of the text is on managing mechanism of the shareholding company, special attention is paid to the key directions and peculiarities of its activity in the film market of the early 20th century. It was revealed that the production process of documentary and educational films released by the film factory was rather innovative. The research defined the main stakeholders and equity holders, besides it described the life path of the founder of the Shareholding Company at different stages of his life including the Soviet period. One of the conclusions made in the research was the equity-mutual type of the Shareholding Company, when shares were issued and distributed only among the people closest to the equity holders, their relatives and family members and were not presented to the market for general public. This approach provided the management body with complete control over the enterprise, but at the same time the approach limited its development since there were no external investments. As the Board Chairman and Managing Director A. Khanzhonkov sought alternative opportunities to win the national film market without attracting additional outside sources of funding. The key condition for implementing the chosen strategy was the search for opportunities to improve the quality of released film products.
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