The effects of seed maturity, media type, carbon source, and organic nutrient additives on seed germination, protocorm development, and plant growth of Paphiopedilum villosum var. densissimum Z. J. Liu et S. C. Chen were investigated. Micropropagation frequency was enhanced through the use of 200-day-old seed, Knudson C (KC) medium, and the presence of both glucose and coconut milk in the medium. The effects of various plant growth regulators on the frequency of shoot organogenesis in four Paphiopedilum species were also investigated. Explants of P. villosum var. densissimum and P. insigne (Lindl.) Stein incubated in the presence of 5 mg l -1 6-benzyladenine (BA) with 0.5 mg l -1 a-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 0.2 mg l -1 BA with 0.1 mg l -1 NAA, respectively, showed a twofold increase in the frequency of shoot organogenesis. For explants of P. bellatulum (Rchb. f.) Stein and P. armeniacum S. C. Chen et F. Y. Liu, the combination of 5.5 mg l -1 BA with 0.5 mg l -1 NAA and 4 mg l -1 BA with 0.1 mg l -1 NAA, respectively, resulted in the highest frequencies of shoot organogenesis.
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