Background Controversy exists whether different continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) weaning methods infl uence time to wean off CPAP, CPAP duration, oxygen duration, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) or length of admission. Aims In a multicentre randomised controlled trial, the authors have primarily compared CPAP weaning methods impact on time to wean off CPAP and CPAP duration and secondarily their effect on oxygen duration, BPD and time of admission. Methods Between April 2006 and October 2009, 177 infants <30 weeks gestational age (GA) who fulfi lled stability criteria on CPAP were randomised to one of the three CPAP weaning methods (M). M1: Taken 'OFF' CPAP with the view to stay 'OFF'. M2: Cycled on and off CPAP with incremental time 'OFF'. M3: As with M2, cycled on and off CPAP but during 'OFF' periods were supported by 2 mm nasal cannula at a fl ow of 0.5 l/min. Results Based on intention to treat analysis, there was no signifi cant difference in mean GA or birthweight between the groups (27.1±1.4, 26.9±1.6 and 27.3±1.5 (weeks±1SD) and 988±247, 987±249 and 1015±257 (grams±1SD), respectively). Primary outcomes showed M1 produced a signifi cantly shorter time to wean from CPAP (11.3±0.8, 16.8±1.0, 19.4±1.3 (days±1SE) p<0.0001, respectively) and CPAP duration (24.4±0.1, 38.6±0.1, 30.5±0.1 (days±1SE) p<0.0001, respectively). All the secondary outcomes were signifi cantly shorter with M1, (oxygen duration: 24.1±1.5, 45.8±2.2, 34.1±2.0 (days±1SE) p<0.0001, BPD: 7/56 (12.5%), 29/69 (42%), 10/52 (19%) p=0.011 and length of admission: 58.5±0.1, 73.8±0.1 69.5±0.1 (days±1SE) p<0.0001, respectively). Conclusion Method 1 signifi cantly shortens CPAP weaning time, CPAP duration, oxygen duration, BPD and admission time. INTRODUCTIONContinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been used in preterm babies as a mode of respiratory support since the 1970s and is now used in most NICUs. [1][2][3][4][5] Subsequently, it has been shown that CPAP may reduce the need for invasive intubation and ventilation, reduce apnoea of prematurity and postextubation atelectasis. Early use of CPAP reduces the incidence of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD (defi ned as an oxygen requirement at 36 weeks corrected gestational age)) and the need for home oxygen. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] There are several ways of delivering CPAP including head chamber, facemask, nasal prongs and endotracheal tubes. [5][6][7][8] Research and clinical experience have shown that nasal CPAP with nasal prongs is the most effi cient way of delivering continuous distending pressure (CDP) to the alveoli. [5][6][7][8] Once infants are stabilised and breathing adequately on CPAP, the CPAP is usually weaned off gradually. 6 7 Controversy continues over the best method of weaning CPAP and is often approached in an 'ad hoc' manner. 5 7 12-14 Four trials have compared methods of weaning CPAP and its impact on CPAP duration. [15][16][17][18] The fi rst trial studied the changes in respiratory parameters in infants <34 weeks gestational age (GA) requiring CPAP. ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate nurses' knowledge of pain and pain management with respect to elderly persons. Registered nurses at several general hospitals and nursing homes were surveyed by questionnaire concerning their knowledge of pain management in the elderly. The findings indicated a significant knowledge deficit in this area. There were also significant differences in knowledge levels between general hospital nurses and those working in nursing homes. We conclude that more education about pain management in elderly patients is needed for nurses. This deficit needs to be addressed in both undergraduate nursing programs and hospital in-service courses. Presently, the majority of patients entering hospitals are aged 65 years and over. Hence, nurses in all areas of care, not just specifically those working in aged care facilities, need a sound knowledge of pain management of the elderly to facilitate compassionate and effective nursing care.

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In infants

Background Are thermoregulation and golden hour practices in extremely preterm (EP) infants comparable across the world? This study aims to describe these practices for EP infants based on the neonatal intensive care unit’s (NICUs) geographic region, country’s income status and the lowest gestational age (GA) of infants resuscitated. Methods The Director of each NICU was requested to complete the e-questionnaire between February 2019 and August 2021. Results We received 848 responses, from all geographic regions and resource settings. Variations in most thermoregulation and golden hour practices were observed. Using a polyethylene plastic wrap, commencing humidity within 60 min of admission, and having local protocols were the most consistent practices (>75%). The odds for the following practices differed in NICUs resuscitating infants from 22 to 23 weeks GA compared to those resuscitating from 24 to 25 weeks: respiratory support during resuscitation and transport, use of polyethylene plastic wrap and servo-control mode, commencing ambient humidity >80% and presence of local protocols. Conclusion Evidence-based practices on thermoregulation and golden hour stabilisation differed based on the unit’s region, country’s income status and the lowest GA of infants resuscitated. Future efforts should address reducing variation in practice and aligning practices with international guidelines. Impact A wide variation in thermoregulation and golden hour practices exists depending on the income status, geographic region and lowest gestation age of infants resuscitated. Using a polyethylene plastic wrap, commencing humidity within 60 min of admission and having local protocols were the most consistent practices. This study provides a comprehensive description of thermoregulation and golden hour practices to allow a global comparison in the delivery of best evidence-based practice. The findings of this survey highlight a need for reducing variation in practice and aligning practices with international guidelines for a comparable health care delivery.

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This retrospective study provides evidence to substantiate the optimum method of ceasing CPAP; the CICADA method, does not adversely affect weight gain, time to reach full feeds and may reduce time to cease caffeine in PBs <30 weeks gestation.