Many standards exist to guide the process of risk assessment, particularly in the field of information security. This leads to many, subtly different, definitions of risk analysis, evaluation and assessment. Consequently, researchers often confuse these terms and disciplines, which leads to further confusion within the community. In this sense, it is important to come to a common understanding of the processes and terminology to clarify research in this area. A common approach to achieve this goal is to carry out a literature review. This paper takes a formal approach to the literature review based on the ideas of the Cochrane group. The result is a systematic review of risk assessment in the field of information security. We present a systematic review of over 80 research papers published between 2004 and 2014. The main contribution of our paper is to construct a classification of these published papers into seven types. This classification aims to help researchers obtain a clear and unbiased picture of the terminology, developments and trends of information security risk assessment in the academic sector. [6] present a conceptual framework of comparisons among well-documented ISRA guidelines including NIST 800-30, OCTAVE and ISRAM. Other authors are interested in the improvement of current risk analysis approaches by applying fuzzy theory [7,8] and AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) theory [9,10].However, to our knowledge, there has been no systematic overview of the ISRA research to analyse the emphasis of the work and the direction of future research. Consequently, this paper will apply the methodology of systematic review not only to summarize the related research papers, but also to present a classified framework of these papers. In order to not to confuse the phrases of risk analysis, risk assessment and risk evaluation, we will use their definitions from ISO 27005 in our systematic review. The aim of the classification framework is to help researchers obtain a clear picture about the research areas. According to this classification, researchers can find some study entry points in this sector. Researchers may also learn the advanced ISRA methods and find the connections between organizational level and academic level from this systematic review.

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Translocation of wildlife as a means of reintroducing or reinforcing threatened populations is an important conservation tool but carries health risks for the translocated animals and their progeny, as well as wildlife, domestic animals and humans in the release area. Disease risk analyses (DRA) are used to identify, prioritize and design mitigation strategies to address these threats. Here, we use a DRA undertaken for Amur leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis) to illustrate how specific methodology can optimize mitigation strategy design. A literature review identified a total of 98 infectious hazards and 28 non-infectious hazards. Separate analyses were undertaken for disease risks in leopards from hazards of source origin (captive zoo collections and the transit pathway to the Russian Far East), or of destination origin (in breeding enclosures and wider release areas); and for disease risks in other wildlife, domesticated species or humans, similarly from hazards of source or destination origin. Hazards were assessed and ranked as priority 1, priority 2, priority 3 or low priority in each of the defined scenarios. In addition, we undertook a generic assessment of stress on individual leopards. We use three examples to illustrate the process: Chlamydophila felis, canine distemper virus (CDV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). We found that many potentially expensive screening procedures could be performed prior to export of leopards, putting the onus of responsibility onto the zoo sector, for which access to diagnostic testing facilities is likely to be optimal. We discuss how our methods highlighted significant data gaps relating to pathogen prevalence in the Russian Far East and likely future unpredictability, in particular with respect to CDV. There was emphasis at all stages on record keeping, meticulous planning, design, staff training and enclosure management, which are relatively financially inexpensive. Actions to minimize stress featured at all time points in the strategy and also focussed on planning, design and management. S U PP O RTI N G I N FO R M ATI O N Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section. How to cite this article: Lewis J, Tomlinson A, Gilbert M, et al. Assessing the health risks of reintroduction: The example of the Amur leopard, Panthera pardus orientalis. Transbound Emerg