The important role of vesicles in many aspects of cell function is well-recognized, but only recently have sophisticated imaging techniques begun to reveal their ubiquity in nature. While we further our understanding of the biological properties of vesicles and their physiological functions, increasingly elegant artificial vesicles are being developed for a wide range of technological applications and basic research. Herein, we examine the state of the art of biological and synthetic vesicles and place their biological features in the context of recent synthetic developments, thus providing a unique overview of these complex and rapidly developing fields. The challenges and opportunities associated with future biological and synthetic studies of vesicles are also presented.
Argatroban (Mitsubishi Pharma Europe) is a direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) currently licensed for anticoagulation of patients with heparininduced thrombocytopenia (HIT), but has been more recently been used in COVID-19 patients and vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT) patients. The Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) recommends monitoring using the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) ratio with a target of 1.5-3.0 times the initial baseline value; but not exceeding 100 seconds 1 based on the original clinical trial of Swan et al 2 who used the APTT reagent Actin FSL in 73 healthy male volunteers. This is incorporated in the guidelines from British Committee for Standards in Haematology 3 and the American College of Chest Physicians. 4 Lewis et al 5 did a
Die wichtige Rolle von Vesikeln in vielen Bereichen der Zellfunktion ist gut bekannt, aber erst seit kurzem offenbart sich mithilfe neuer, komplexerer Bildgebungsverfahren ihre Allgegenwart in der Natur. Während die biologischen Eigenschaften von Vesikeln und ihre physiologischen Funktionen immer besser verstanden werden, werden auch vermehrt sehr elegante, künstliche Vesikel für eine Reihe technischer Anwendungen und die Grundlagenforschung entwickelt. Hier wollen wir den Stand der Technik von biologischen und synthetischen Vesikeln darstellen und ihre biologischen Eigenschaften in Zusammenhang mit aktuellen Syntheseentwicklungen bringen, um so einen Überblick über diese komplexen, rasch aufstrebenden Fachgebiete zu geben. Darüber hinaus werden die Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten für die zukünftige biologische und präparative Entwicklung von Vesikeln präsentiert.
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