Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are commonly utilized for biomedical, industrial, and commercial applications due to their unique properties and potential biocompatibility. However, little is known about how exposure to iron oxide NPs may affect susceptible populations such as pregnant women and developing fetuses. To examine the influence of NP surface-charge and dose on the developmental toxicity of iron oxide NPs, Crl:CD1(ICR) (CD-1) mice were exposed to a single, low (10 mg/kg) or high (100 mg/kg) dose of positively-charged polyethyleneimine-Fe2O3-NPs (PEI-NPs), or negatively-charged poly(acrylic acid)-Fe2O3-NPs (PAA-NPs) during critical windows of organogenesis (gestation day (GD) 8, 9, or 10). A low dose of NPs, regardless of charge, did not induce toxicity. However, a high exposure led to charge-dependent fetal loss as well as morphological alterations of the uteri (both charges) and testes (positive only) of surviving offspring. Positively-charged PEI-NPs given later in organogenesis resulted in a combination of short-term fetal loss (42%) and long-term alterations in reproduction, including increased fetal loss for second generation matings (mice exposed in utero). Alternatively, negatively-charged PAA-NPs induced fetal loss (22%) earlier in organogenesis to a lesser degree than PEI-NPs with only mild alterations in offspring uterine histology observed in the long-term.

Abstract. We show the existence and the analyticity of solitons (solitary waves of finite energy) for a 2D-Boussinesq-Benney-Luke type system that emerges in the study of the evolution of long water waves with small amplitude in the presence of surface tension. We follow a variational approach by characterizing travelling waves as minimizers of some functional under a suitable constrain. Using Lion's concentration-compactness principle, we prove that any minimizing sequences converges strongly, after an appropriate translation, to a minimizer. The Boussinesq-Benney-Luke system is formally close to the Benney-Luke equation and to the Kadomtsev-Petviashivili (KP) equation. For wave speed small and surface tension large, we assure some physical sense for this water wave system by establishing that a suitable (renormailized) family of solitons of the Boussinesq-Benney-Luke system converges to a nontrivial soliton for the KP-I equation.

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