Background To determine interobserver agreement in the classification by X-rays and by computed tomography (CT) scan of the coronal shear fractures of the capitellum and trochlea as well as the agreement between these two tests. Methods Patients with coronal shear fractures of the capitellum who were managed at our center between January 2008 and December 2017 were included. This retrospective cohort study was carried out with the approval of the ethics committee of our institution (Nº: IIBSP-Cod-2019-02, Ref. 19/070). Clinical, radiographic, and elbow-specific outcomes, including the Mayo Elbow Performance Index, were evaluated. Three observers analyzed the preoperative X-rays from all the cases. Each one of them independently classified the fractures according to the Bryan and Morrey classification (with the modification of McKee et al). The interobserver agreement was calculated by Cohen kappa coefficient. The same methodology was used to analyze the CT scan. Thereafter, one single value was determined for each X-ray and CT scan, from the good interobserver agreements. Finally, the agreement between the global X-ray classification and the global CT scan classification was calculated using the agreement percentage and the Cohen kappa coefficient. Results There were 3 males and 6 females, with a mean age of 47 years (range, 18-83). The mean follow-up period was 18 months (12-40). The average Mayo Elbow Performance Index score was 85 (range, 65-100) points. The complications were nonunion in one patient (11 %), degenerative arthritis in 7 (78 %), joint step-off in 5 (55%), and heterotopic ossification in 7 (78%). The agreement analysis between the global X-ray classification and the global CT scan classification showed a 57.1% agreement, with a kappa coefficient of −0.167. These values imply the absence of agreement. Conclusion Our results demostrated that simple X-rays do not allow for the adequate interpretation of distal humeral coronal plane fractures. Although an acceptable interobserver agreement was found, there is no agreement when the same fractures were analyzed by CT scan. The authors routinely recommend CT scan to assess the extent of the fracture and perform surgical planning.
We present Mechanical Force Redistribution (MFR) Floor Tiles: a method of sensing which creates a seamless, anti-aliased image of forces applied to a floor. This technique mechanically focuses the force from a surface onto adjacent discrete forcels (force sensing cells) by way of protrusions (small bumps or pegs), allowing for high-accuracy interpolation between adjacent discrete forcels. By minimizing active materials and computational complexity, MFR makes large-format floor tiles possible and economically feasible.
Figure 1. Mechanical Force Redistribution (MFR) (a) hand tiles and (b) floor tiles. MFR creates an anti-aliased image of all forces applied to a surface. In the visualization of the anti-aliased forces, a Gaussian blur is applied to demonstrate the high positional accuracy of an MFR tile. ABSTRACTWe present Mechanical Force Redistribution (MFR): a method of sensing which creates an anti-aliased image of forces applied to a surface. This technique mechanically focuses the force from a surface onto adjacent discrete forcels (force sensing cells) by way of protrusions (small bumps or pegs), allowing for high-accuracy interpolation between adjacent discrete forcels. MFR works with any force transducing technique or material, including force variable resistive inks, piezoelectric materials and capacitive force plates. MFR sensors can be tiled such that the signal is continuous across contiguous tiles. By minimizing active materials and computational complexity, MFR makes large-format interactive walls, collaborative tabletops and high-resolution floor tiles possible and economically feasible.
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