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Spore‐forming bacteria are resistant to stress conditions owing to their ability to form highly resistant dormant spores. These spores can survive adverse environmental conditions in nature, as well as decontamination processes in the food and related industries. Bacterial spores may return to their vegetative state through a process called germination. As spore germination is critical for the loss of resistance, outgrowth, and development of pathogenicity and spoilage potential, the germination pathway has piqued the interest of the scientific community. The inhibition and induction of germination have critical applications in the food industry. Targeted germination can aid in decreasing the resistance of spores and allow the application of milder inactivation procedures. This germination‐inactivation strategy allows better maintenance of important food quality attributes. Different stimuli are reported to trigger germination. Among those, isostatic high pressure (HP) has gained increasing attention due to its potential applications in industrial processes. However, pressure‐mediated spore germination is extremely heterogeneous as some spores germinate rapidly, while others exhibit slow germination or do not undergo germination at all. The successful and safe implementation of the germination‐inactivation strategy, however, depends on the germination of all spores. Therefore, there is a need to elucidate the mechanisms of HP‐mediated germination. This work aimed to critically review the current state of knowledge on Bacillus spore germination at a moderate HP of 50–300 MPa. In this review, the germination mechanism, heterogeneity, and influencing factors have been outlined along with knowledge gaps.

Food waste reduction can be achieved by applying protective cultures to avoid spoilage of fermented food products. In this study, we present an approach to screen large numbers of strains for potential use as protective cultures in food. A phenotypic screening of 504 Lactobacillus strains for 27 food‐relevant growth conditions revealed variations and physiological limits for the genus. Previously, the strains were tested for their antibacterial activity in a high‐throughput assay. Here, the activity of 22 positive strains from that screening was assessed in more detail, mainly against Listeria, Enterococcus, Rhodotorula, and Candida species. The proteinaceous nature of the inhibiting substances was confirmed by protease digestion. Twenty‐two antibacterial and 42 antifungal strains were detected. In a co‐culture competition‐assay, 1–2 cfu/ml of Lactobacillus plantarum RI‐162 were able to inhibit the outgrowth of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa LME and reduce the cell number below the detection limit of 50 cfu/ml within 48 hr. Practical applications To translate the result to industrial application, the potential protective culture Lactobacillus sakei RI‐409 reduced the initial Listeria ivanovii DSM 12491T concentration in an industrial‐scale salami fermentation by 1.4 log within 5 days. In a small‐scale salami fermentation, one L. sakei strain and five Lactobacillus plantarum strains were tested as protective cultures. Four strains reduced the spiked counts of L ivanovii DSM 12491T from an initial concentration of 105 cfu/g at the start of fermentation to below the detection limit of 100 cfu/g within two days. In a 1,000‐L small‐scale raw milk soft cheese fermentation, the potential protective culture L. plantarum RI‐271 reduced the endogenous enterococci concentration with 1.5 log compared to untreated raw milk. In conclusion, we have developed an approach to select tailor‐made antimicrobial protective cultures for biopreservation in fermented food products.

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