Objective: This study evaluated the hypothesis that methylphenidate immediate release (MPH-IR) treatment would improve Default Mode Network (DMN) within-connectivity. Method: Resting-state functional connectivity of the main nodes of DMN was evaluated in a highly homogeneous sample of 18 drug-naive male adult participants with ADHD. Results: Comparing resting-state functional connectivity functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) scans before and after MPH treatment focusing exclusively on within-DMN connectivity, we evidenced the strengthening of functional connectivity between two nodes of the DMN: posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and left lateral parietal cortex (LLP). Conclusion: Our results contribute to the further understanding on how MPH affects functional connectivity within DMN of male adults with ADHD and corroborate the hypothesis of ADHD being a delayed neurodevelopmental disorder.

ObjectivesTo assess the accuracy of coronal and sagittal CT sections to detect cavities simulating root resorption.Material and Methods60 mandibular incisors were embedded in plaster bases, and cavities with 0.6, 1.2 or 1.8 mm in diameter and 0.3, 0.6 or 0.9 mm in depth (small, medium and large cavities) were drilled on the buccal surfaces with high-speed round burs with diameters of 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mm to simulate external inflammatory root resorption. Simulations in the cervical, middle and apical thirds of each tooth root were made randomly. The Dental Scan software was used to obtain 1-mm-thick axial images from direct scanning, which were reconstructed in the coronal and sagittal planes using 3D software (Syngo FastView). Each series was loaded into the software. Fourteen images of each tooth were reconstructed in the coronal plane and 14 in the sagittal plane. A total of 1,652 images were obtained for analysis. Series information, tooth number and the plane reconstructed were stored. The images generated were saved on a CD-ROM together with the visualization software (Syngo FastView). Images were analyzed by a previously calibrated blinded, radiologist. Cochran’s Q test was conducted separately for each region analyzed followed by pair-wise comparison by the McNemar test (p=0.05).ResultsNo statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the diagnosis of simulated resorption between the apical, middle, and coronal thirds. When the axial plane was assessed separately, diagnoses were statistically different (p<0.05) among the three root thirds. The apical third differed significantly (p<0.05) from the cervical and middle thirds. Diagnostic errors were more often observed in the apical third compared to the cervical and middle thirds. Mid-sized cavities revealed no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between planes, irrespective of the third in which the resorptions were located.ConclusionWhen tomographic sections are requested for the diagnosis of buccal or lingual external root resorption, sagittal sections afford the best image characterization of the resorption process.

Background Rotator cuff (RC) tears represent a common cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction in adults. The disease affects primarily women and occurs mainly in the postmenopausal period. This study aimed to investigate immunohistochemically the presence of estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-⍺), estrogen receptor-beta (ER-β) and progesterone receptor (PR) in the supraspinatus tendon of patients with RC tendinopathy, searching for gender differences of expression. A secondary aim was to evaluate potential links between their expression and the typical histopathological findings of the ailment. Methods Biopsies of the supraspinatus tendon were collected intraoperatively from 15 postmenopausal women and 9 men undergoing RC surgery. Specimens were stained with Haematoxylin/Eosin, Masson-Goldner Trichrome, Alcian Blu and immunohistochemical stainings for ER-⍺, ER-β and PR were performed. Tendon alterations were evaluated with the Bonar histopathological scale. Statistical tests used in this study were the Spearman correlation coefficient and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results In the supraspinatus tendon, cells expressed ER-⍺ (p = 0.043), ER-β (p = 0.048) and PR (p = 0.004) with statistically significant differences related to age and sex of patients. Immunoreactivity was seen in the nuclei of tenocytes and vascular cells. Postmenopausal women’s samples showed a markedly higher expression of these receptors compared to their male counterpart. There was a positive correlation between the expression of ER-⍺ and ER-β (r = 0.59; p = 0.02) and between ER-β and PR (r = 0.72; p = 0.002) in women’s samples. Furthermore, in postmenopausal women the PR expression decreased with age (r = − 0.56; p = 0.027). Only in women, the ER-β expression positively correlated with the total Bonar histopathological score (p = 0.019) and the ER-β vascular expression positively correlated with ground substance alterations (p = 0.029). Conclusions These results reveal that ERs and PR are present in the supraspinatus tendon of patients with RC tears, suggesting a role of sex hormones in the pathogenesis of the disease.

351so, a dose absorvida por crianças é maior do que em pacientes adultos (4) . Em qualquer aquisição de TC, para um potencial de tubo e espessura de corte constantes, a dose de radiação no paciente varia proporcionalmente com a carga transportável (mAs) selecionada pelo operador. A escolha do mAs também determina a quantidade de ruído na imagem (5,6) e o aquecimento no tubo de raios X (7) . Estudos mostraram que o mAs utilizado pode ser reduzido consideravelmente sem prejudicar o diagnóstico, principalmente para exames de tórax . A redução no aquecimento do tubo de raios X ocasiona um menor desgaste, fazendo com que mais exames possam ser realizados com a mesma ampola. Os gastos relacionados à troca deste componente são elevados, o seu valor pode superar 50 mil dólares e a periodicidade pode OBJETIVO: Reduzir a dose de radiação e aumentar a vida útil do tubo de raios X em exames de tomografia computadorizada. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados exames de crânio, abdome superior e tórax. Foi verificado se a técnica utilizada poderia ser alterada, foram sugeridos novos protocolos, e feitas comparações de qualidade da imagem, dose de radiação e aquecimento do tubo de raios X. RESULTADOS: Uma redução no mAs pôde ser feita sem comprometer a qualidade do diagnóstico, proporcionando redução de até 20% na dose média dos exames de crânio em adultos e de até 45% em crianças com idade de 0 a 6 meses; pacientes com menos de 50 kg tiveram redução de aproximadamente 37% na dose média de radiação para os exames de abdome superior; para o exame de tórax de rotina a redução chegou a 54%. O aquecimento do tubo de raios X para os exames de crânio, abdome superior e tórax teve redução estimada em aproximadamente 13%, 23% e 41%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Uma alteração nos protocolos dos exames descritos acarretará diminuição significativa na dose de radiação e aumento na vida útil do tubo de raios X, sem comprometer o diagnóstico. Unitermos: Tomografia computadorizada por raios X; Exposição à radiação; Dosagem de radiação; Proteção radiológica.Dose reduction and increase of X-ray tube life in computed tomography. OBJECTIVE: To reduce radiation dose and increase x-ray tube life in computed tomography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Head, upper abdomen and chest scans were evaluated. We assessed the techniques employed and if these could be changed, suggested new protocols and compared the quality of the images, the radiation dose and the x-ray tube heating. RESULTS: A mAs reduction could be done without interfering with the diagnostic quality, allowing a decrease of up to 20% in the average dose for adults head exams and up to 45% for 0 to 6 years old children; patients with less than 50 kg had a reduction of 37% on the upper abdomen radiation average dose; for chest routine scans the reduction was 54%. The decrease in the heating of the x-ray tube for head, upper abdomen and chest scans was approximately 13%, 23% and 41%, respectively. CONCLUSION: A change on the described protocols will produce a significant reduction on the radiation d...

Background Macroscopic alterations of the affected rotator cuff (RC) are undoubtedly linked to microscopic changes, but they may underestimate the actual degree of the disease. Moreover, it remains unclear whether preoperative structural RC changes may alter clinical outcomes. Methods Supraspinatus tendon and muscle samples were collected from 47 patients undergoing RC surgery. Tendons were evaluated histologically according to the Bonar score; fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy were quantified using a software for biomedical image analysis (ImageJ) in percentage of area affected in the observed muscle section. Preoperative shoulder ROM and pain were evaluated. Radiological muscle atrophy was evaluated with the Tangent Sign and Occupation Ratio; fatty infiltration was assessed according to the Goutallier classification. Correlations between histological, radiological and clinical outcomes were assessed. Statistics were performed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement was calculated. Results Histopathologic fatty infiltration (r = 0.007, p = 0.962), muscle atrophy (r = 0.003, p = 0.984) and the total Bonar score (r = 0.157, p = 0.292) were not correlated to preoperative shoulder pain. Muscle atrophy showed a significant but weak negative correlation with the preoperative movement of abduction (r = -0.344, p = 0.018). A significant but weak positive correlation was found between muscle atrophy and the total Bonar score (r = 0.352, p = 0.015). No correlation between histological and radiological evaluation was found for both fatty infiltration (r = 0.099, p = 0.510) and muscle atrophy (Tangent Sign: r = -0.223, p = 0.131; Occupation Ratio: r = -0.148, p = 0.319). Our histological evaluation showed a modal value of 3 (out of 3) for fatty infiltration and an equal modal value of 2 and 3 (out of 3) for muscle atrophy. In contrast, the modal value of the Goutallier score was 1 (out of 4) and 28 patients out of 47 showed a negative Tangent sign. At histology, intraobserver agreement ranged from 0.59 to 0.81 and interobserver agreement from 0.57 to 0.64. On the MRI intraobserver agreement ranged from 0.57 to 0.71 and interobserver agreement ranged from 0.53 to 0.65. Conclusions Microscopic muscle atrophy appeared to negatively correlate with the movement of abduction leading to functional impairment. Shoulder pain did not show any relationship with microscopic changes. Radiological evaluation of the supraspinatus muscle alterations seemed to underestimate the degree of the same abnormalities evaluated at histology.