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Although the results found in the present systematic review are relevant, the scientific evidence should be interpreted with caution as the articles report different methods and evaluation parameters. Despite the capacity of the pulp revascularization technique to stimulate the development of the apical closure and thickening of radicular dentin, several aspects still remain unknown, like the key factors of this repair, the type of tissue formed and the long-term prognosis.

Currently, investigations have focused on the identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) involved in host response and its ability to generate an immunity deficiency. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review (SR) and metaanalysis to evaluate the association between TNF-α -308 G>A polymorphism and apical periodontitis (AP) phenotypes. A broad search for studies was conducted. The following databases were used: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and VHL (Medline, SciELO, Ibecs, and Lilacs). The MeSH terms "Periapical Periodontitis," "Periapical Abscess," "Polymorphism, Genetic," and "Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide" were used. MeSH synonyms, related terms, and free terms were included. Clinical investigations of individuals with different AP phenotypes in permanent teeth were selected. After application of the eligibility criteria, selected studies were qualified by assessing their methodological quality. A fixed effect model was used for the meta-analysis. The initial search identified 71 references. After excluding duplicate abstracts, 33 were selected. From these, two were eligible for quality assessment and were classified as being of moderate evidence. The included studies did not demonstrate association between AP and TNF-α -308 G>A SNP. However, the meta-analysis demonstrated an association between the genotype distribution and AP phenotype (OR= 0.49; confidence interval= 0.25, 0.96; p=0.04). The role of TNF-α -308 G>A SNP in AP phenotypes is debatable. Further studies are needed to confirm and understand the underlying mechanisms of the identified association.

RESUMOIntrodução: O uso de protetores bucais durante a prática de esportes de contato é de fundamental importância como medida preventiva dos traumatismos orofaciais. Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento quanto a utilização do protetor bucal entre praticantes de artes marciais, assim como verificar qual é a percepção que tais esportistas têm sobre sua importância e função. Métodos: Realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva e transversal, de caráter investigativo, composta por 231 praticantes de três diferentes modalidades de artes marciais: Jiu-jítsu, Tae kwon do e Muay Thai, nas cidades de Nova Friburgo-RJ e Macaé-RJ, Brasil, por meio de um questionário estruturado. Os dados foram tabulados no programa estatístico SPSS 16.0. Foi realizada a frequência, sendo aplicado, ainda, o teste qui-quadrado (p<0,05), para estabelecer relação entre variáveis de interesse. Resultados: Os dados indicaram que 60,6% dos entrevistados nunca receberam informações sobre o traumatismo orofacial durante a prática esportiva e que 46,3% dos esportistas já sofreram algum tipo de traumatismo orofacial. A maioria dos atletas (93,9%) considera importante o uso do protetor bucal, porém este dado é desproporcional ao percentual de usuários do dispositivo: 78,7% no Muay Thai, 60,9% no Jiu-jítsu e 47,5% no Tae kwon do (p< 0,01). Dos protetores bucais existentes no mercado, o mais utilizado é o termoplástico ou tipo II (52,5%) em todas as modalidades de lutas avaliadas. O protetor bucal personalizado causou menor percentual de interferên-cia no rendimento durante a prática esportiva quando comparado com os outros tipos de protetores (p<0,07). Conclusão: A maioria dos esportistas reconhece a importância do uso do protetor bucal, apesar de relatar não ter recebido informações sobre traumatismo orofacial durante a prática esportiva; a maioria dos atletas utiliza o protetor bucal termoplástico; há necessidade de se difundir informações sobre as vantagens do uso do protetor bucal personalizado, assim como, estimular o uso por parte de todos os praticantes de artes marciais. (Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Muay Thai and Tae Kwon Do) Thai, Palavras-chave: prevenção de acidentes, traumatismos em atletas, esportes. ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of mouthguard during contact sports is crucial for preventing orofacial trauma. Objective: To conduct a survey regarding the use of mouthguards among martial arts practitioners as well as find what is the perception that these athletes have about its importance and function. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of investigative character was conducted with 231 practitioners of three different kinds of martial arts

Persistent apical periodontitis (AP) is a situation involving an inflammatory and immune response caused mainly by anaerobic polymicrobial infection of the root canal system and the outcome and follow-up of the root canal treatment has been reported as intimately related to host response. The apical periodontitis repair might be associated with genetic polymorphisms. This study aimed to evaluate the association between HIF1A genetic polymorphisms (rs2301113 and rs2057482) with PAP in Brazilian patients. Subjects with at least 1 year of follow-up after root canal therapy (RCT) were recalled. Sixty-four subjects with signs/symptoms of PAP and 84 subjects with root canal-treated teeth exhibiting healthy perirradicular tissues (healed) were included. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and used for HIF1A genotyping by real-time PCR. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared by c2 or Fisher's exact tests and odds ratio was implemented, using Epi Info 3.5.2. All tests were performed with an established alpha of 0.05. There was no association between allele and genotype distribution for HIF1As polymorphisms and PAP (p>0.05). The genetic polymorphisms in HIF1A were not associated with persistent apical periodontitis.

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This study evaluated the association between polymorphisms in genes encoding estrogen receptors 1 (ESR1) and 2 (ESR2), vitamin D receptor (VDR) and in microRNA17 (which binds to ESR1 and VDR) with persistent apical periodontitis (PAP) after the endodontic treatment. We included 162 patients who completed endodontic treatment at least one year ago and presented apical periodontitis at the beginning of the root canal therapy. Clinical and radiographic exams were performed to evaluate the presence of PAP or healthy periradicular tissues (healed). Saliva samples were collected as a genomic DNA. The genotyping of ESR1 (rs2234693 and rs9340799), ESR2 (rs1256049 and rs4986938), VDR (rs739837 and rs2228570) and miRNA17 (rs4284505) were performed by real-time PCR. Chi-square test was used to the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies. Haplotype analysis was also performed. Eighty-nine patients were included in the “healed” group and 73 in the “PAP” group. No association was found between the allelic and genotypic polymorphisms studied and PAP (p>0.05). Haplotype analysis also did not demonstrated an association (p>0.05). In conclusion, the genetic polymorphisms in ESR1, ESR2, VDR and miRNA17 are not associated with PAP.