During the refurbishing of the “Lombard Art of the XV-XVI century” department at the Pinacoteca di Brera (Milan), concluded in 2018, the Conservation and Restoration Center “La Venaria Reale” had the opportunity to study and restore the famous pictorial cycle of Men at Arms by Donato Bramante (1488-89). The paper aims to present the methodological approach and the results obtained with the last conservation treatment, aimed at a new and updated aesthetic proposal for the pictorial cycle. The main objective was to re-establish the unity of the images, compromised by the numerous lacunae left visible by previous treatments, respecting at the same time the material features of the paintings and the evidence of their particular conservative history.The interdisciplinary work group* has reconstructed the complex conservative history of the detached wall paintings, thanks to the technical observation of the surfaces and the scientific characterization of the constituent materials. The results were compared with the available historical documentation, in particular with historical photographs. The project allowed us to retrace the profound changes that the concept of pictorial integration has encountered over time, from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present day. The conservation treatment also originated from the need of the Pinacoteca di Brera to update the aesthetic presentation of the works, facilitating the reading of the fragmented images due to numerous lacunae. d images due to numerous lacunae.
Pulse lavage (PL) debridement is the standard treatment used in Debridement, Antibiotics and Implant Retention (DAIR) for bacterial biofilm removal during acute and early postoperative cases of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The failure rate of DAIR is still high due to the inadequacy of PL in removing the biofilm. Ultrasound‐based techniques are a well‐established tool for PJI diagnosis due to their ability to completely eradicate the biofilm from implant surfaces. Hence, this study investigates the efficiency of a piezoelectric ultrasonic scalpel (PUS) in removing bacterial biofilm from different orthopedic implant materials in vitro and compares the results with PL. Biofilms of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were grown on titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V ELI), stainless steel (AISI 316L), and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) disks for 24 h. The disks of each material were divided into three groups: (i) a control group (no lavage/debridement), (ii) a group treated with PL, (iii) a group treated with PUS. The disks were then sonicated for viable cell count to measure the residual biofilm content. Compared to the initial cell count (105 CFU/mL for each material), PL showed a two‐log reduction of CFU/mL (p < 0.001 for each material), while for PUS a four‐log reduction was found (p < 0.001 for each material). The comparison between the two lavage/debridement displayed a two‐log reduction of CFU/mL (p < 0.001 for each material) of PUS compared with PL. Its increased efficiency compared with PL promotes the use of PUS in removing bacterial biofilm from orthopedic implants, suggesting its implementation to improve the success rate of DAIR.
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