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BackgroundApical periodontitis includes periapical granulomas and radicular cysts, which are histologically distinguished by the absence and the presence of an epithelial lining, respectively. The main cause of apical periodontitis is the bacterial colonization of the root canal space. This research aimed at assessing whether and how periapical granulomas and radicular cysts differ in terms of microbiota using high throughput amplicon target sequencing (HTS) techniques.MethodsThis study included 5 cases of Periapical Granulomas (PGs) and 5 cases of Radicular Cysts (RCs) selected on the base of histology out of 37 patients from January 2015 to February 2016. Complete medical history, panoramic radiograms (OPTs) and histologic records of each patient were assessed. Only lesions greater than 1 cm in diameter and developed in proximity to teeth with bad prognosis were included. The microbiota present in periapical granulomas and radicular cysts thus retrieved was finely characterized by pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA genes.ResultsThe core of OTUs shared between periapical granulomas and radicular cysts was dominated by the presence of facultative anaerobes taxa such as: Lactococcus lactis, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus warneri, Acinetobacter johnsonii and Gemellales. L. lactis, the main OTUs of the entire datasets, was associated with periapical granuloma samples. Consistently with literature, the anaerobic taxa detected were most abundant in radicular cyst samples. Indeed, a higher abundance of presumptive predicted metabolic pathways related to Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis was found in radicular cyst samples.ConclusionsThe present pilot study confirmed the different microbial characterization of the two main apical periodontitis types and shade light on the possible role of L. lactis in periapical granulomas.

Quantifying soft tissue changes after orthognathic surgery is increasingly important in surgical planning, but little is actually known about the changes in facial mobility after surgery. In the current study, we investigated facial mimics in patients before and after orthognathic surgery. Eleven patients with jaw discrepancy requiring maxillary and/or mandibular surgery were considered. Facial landmarks were applied, and facial surface data were acquired using a three-dimensional laser scanner before surgery and after 3, 6, and 12 months. The facial movements were frowning, eye closure, grimace, smiling, and lip purse. They were described in terms of surface and landmark displacements. Mean and SD were calculated for the right and left sides of the face and compared with normal values previously obtained in control subjects. We compared the results in 4 groups of patients: all the patients together (group A), bimaxillary surgery (group B), basal surgery without ancillary procedures (group C), and basal surgery plus rhinoplasty and/or genioplasty (group D). After surgery, modifications of symmetry were evident in many subjects, but after 1 year, facial movements were statistically similar to presurgical registrations. In smiling, the single case observations revealed a postsurgical improvement of amplitude in 8 subjects. In conclusion, orthognathic surgery did not significantly modify facial mobility in the long term. On the contrary, the amplitude of movement during smiling seems to increase in the majority of subjects. Our evaluation of three-dimensional laser scanning of facial movement showed that it can detect small posttreatment changes on soft tissues.