As a group of freshwater invertebrates, dragonflies (Odonata) are commonly used as ecological indicators of freshwater ecosystems. Despite earlier studies suggesting that adult odonates may be good indicators for complex changes in a landscape, the utility of odonates as suitable indicators to indicate health of non-aquatic (forest) habitats remains poorly understood. This study analyses the adult dragonfly assemblage pattern against spatial and temporal disturbance characteristics in Indonesia's Sungai Wain Protection Forest. The core of this reserve comprises one of the few remaining fragments of primary rain forest along the East Kalimantan coast, whereas the rest of the reserve is covered by secondary forest, scrub, grassland, and farmland. Adult dragonfly assemblages at individual sampling sites were analysed in relation to (1) their intensity, (2) frequency of human-caused disturbances, and (3) the time since the last such disturbance, while controlling random variables (type of aquatic and terrestrial habitat) were removed. This study tests the effect of these factors on (1) species richness, (2) proportion of Zygoptera, (3) proportion of forest specialists, and (4) proportion of Borneo's endemics. The humaninduced disturbances in the rain forest resulted in pronounced changes in the taxonomical composition and functional diversity of the odonate fauna. Results reported here demonstrate that gradual changes in the odonate assemblages correspond to the degree of anthropogenic influences on forest environments. Adult odonates comprise an appropriately sensitive and versatile indicator group for identifying changes in terrestrial forest environments as well as in freshwater habitats.

Dragonflies are good indicators of environmental health and biodiversity. Most studies addressing dragonfly ecology have focused on the importance of aquatic habitats, while the value of surrounding terrestrial habitats has often been overlooked. However, species associated with temporary aquatic habitats must persist in terrestrial environments for long periods. Little is known about the importance of terrestrial habitat patches for dragonflies, or about other factors that initiate or influence dispersal behaviour. The aim of this study was to reveal the relationship between population dynamics of the threatened dragonfly species Sympetrum depressiusculum at its natal site and its dispersal behaviour or routine movements within its terrestrial home range. We used a mark–release–recapture method (marking 2,881 adults) and exuviae collection with the Jolly–Seber model and generalized linear models to analyse seasonal and spatial patterns of routine movement in a heterogeneous Central European landscape. Our results show that utilisation of terrestrial habitat patches by adult dragonflies is not random and may be relatively long term (approximately 3 mo). Adult dragonflies were present only in areas with dense vegetation that provided sufficient resources; the insects were absent from active agricultural patches (p = 0.019). These findings demonstrate that even a species tightly linked to its natal site utilises an area that is several orders of magnitude larger than the natal site. Therefore, negative trends in the occurrence of various dragonfly species may be associated not only with disturbances to their aquatic habitats, but also with changes in the surrounding terrestrial landscape.

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Abstract. Habitat specificity is the most important factor affecting the regional distribution of dragonflies. Nevertheless, species with the highest specificity are not always the scarcest. Several important determinants of dragonfly density-distribution relationships were identified. Altitude preference and altitude range are significantly associated with dragonfly distribution. Some of the species that are habitat specialists but occur over a wide range of altitudes should be classified as rare but not endangered. This very simple principle is based on the assumption that habitat specialists have a very limited number of suitable biotopes. Obviously, dragonflies with a marginal distribution prefer a narrow range of altitudes (especially in terms of temperature limitation) and biotopes (effect of biogeography, marginality). Surprisingly, there is no "critical" life stage that is significantly associated with the regional distribution of dragonflies, although most species spend most time in the larval stage. Knowledge of the dispersal ability of particular species is limited, although it could significantly affect species survival and distribution.

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