Water is a finite resource necessary for life and sustainable development. Ethiopia has considerable potential for freshwater resources in East Africa. All living beings depend on water for growth and upkeep, and it is essential for supporting environmental balance and biodiversity. Ethiopia does not able to offer clean water to half of its population, and it does not make good use of its water resources. Many Ethiopians who live in urban areas strug-gle to have access to a consistent and adequate quantity of drinking water. Only a small number of city dwellers have access to enough of clean water. Both human activity and natural events may contaminate water. In develop-ing nations, a major concern for public health and water security is the degradation of quality of water brought on by human activities and weak enforcement. The effectiveness of policies and institutional frameworks to address pollution, as well as their effects on the ecological status and biota of rivers, are little understood in spite of growing pollution levels in many tropical African nations. This article focuses on giving an outline of the reasons for Ethiopia’s water pollution and ways to stop it.
The electronic structure, absorption and emission spectra, as well as phosphorescence efficiency of Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes of a general formula fac-[Re(I)(CO) 3 (L)(R-N^N)](L = Cl; N^N = 2, 2'-bipyridine; R = -H, 1; -NO 2 , 2; -PhNO 2 , 3; -NH 2 , 4; -TPA (triphenylamine), 5) were investigated by using density functional theory(DFT) and time dependents density functional theory (TDDFT) methods. The calculated results reveal that introductions of the Electron with drawing group (EWG) and Electron donating group (EDG) on the R position of 2, 2'-bipyridine ligand. When EWG (-NO 2 and -PhNO 2 ) are introduced into complex 2 and 3, the lowest energy absorption and emission bands are red shifted compared with that of complex 1. On the contrary, the introduction of the EDG (-NH 2 and -TPA) in complex 4 and 5 cause corresponding blue shifted. The solvent effect on absorption and emission spectrum indicates that the lowest energy absorption and emission bands have red shifts with the decrease of solvent polarity. The electronic affinity (EA), ionization potential (IP) and reorganization energy (λ) results show that complex 5 is suitable to be used as an emitter in phosphorescence organic light emitting diodes (PHOLEDs). Meanwhile the emission quantum yield of complex 5 is possibly higher than that of other complexes.
The aim of this study, therefore, provides information about Aflatoxin levels in raw cow’s milk in Injibara Town of Awi Administrative zone by using HPLC-FLD. A good linearity of standard calibration was found for AFM1 at a range of 0.5–7 µg/L. Regression coefficient (R2) values were 0.9999, whereas slope and intercept were 2.5278 and 0.1012, respectively. The average recoveries for the spiked samples were range from76.62– 90.98 % and the RSD values ranged between 2.55–7.36 %. The results showed that 15 % of samples (3 out of 20) were contaminated with AFM1 in the range of 0.046–0.22 µg/L. The average contamination level was 0.121 µg/L. The determined mean values of AFM1 in the collected milk samples were above the standard limit of the European Commission and lower than the level established by United States regulations. Further monitoring of Aflatoxin in milk samples from different regions of the country is justified to conclusively determine the actual safe/risks and possibly low Aflatoxins-risk milk production areas.
The aim of this review is to identify which types of selected medicinal plants for phytochemical characteristics were analyzed and which one is not analyzed as Ethiopian levels. In this review, the most traditional medicinal plant species found and used in Ethiopia are chosen. The state of the phytochemical characteristics of selected medicinal plants was stated under the literature. The qualitative phytochemical characteristics, some of which are the most important phytochemicals such as Tannins, Alkaloids, Saponins, Cardiac Glycosides, Steroids, Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Phlobatannins, Anthraquinones, and Reducing Sugars are studied by researcher. Most studies reviled that some phytochemical properties present in some medicinal plants while some of phytochemical properties are absent in some medicinal plants as well as the phytochemical properties of some species were studied like Opuntia ficusindica (L.) Miller (Yebereha Kulkual), Eucalyptus globules Labill (Nech Bahir Zaf), Cordia Africana Lam. (Wanza), Foeniculum vulgare. (Ensilal). However, some most important phytochemical properties of medicinal plants like Barleria eranthemoides R. Br. Ex C. B. Cl. (Yesetaf), Premna schimperi Engl. (Chocho), Capparis tomentosa L. (Gumero), Tragia pungens (Forssk.) Mull. Arg. (Ablalit) and Cymbopogonsp. (Serdo), Tribulus terrestris L. (Kurinchit) are not studied in Ethiopia.This review has shown that traditional medicinal plants those phytochemical properties are not studied have various medicinal purpose like treating mastitis, preventing boils, Haemorrhoids, congestion, headache, hepatitis, liver, vertigo, stomatitis, kidneys, liver, and vision for treating anemia, hemorrhoid coughs, fluxes, and stomatitis in most animals and human beings. So that identifying the plants based on the investigation and analysis of phytochemical properties of such plant species are more important as Ethiopian levels.
Background: Consumption of contaminated milk is a major health problem for consumers, and aflatoxins are potent liver carcinogens, mutagens, and immunosuppressive compounds. Therefore, raw cow milk must be constantly monitored for the presence of AFM1 contamination. It is extremely important to keep AFM1 levels low in raw cow’s milk. The level of AFM1 in milk varies depending on the level of AFB1 ingested by dairy cattle through the feed. Objective: This investigation is mainly focused on the detection of levels of AFM1 in raw cow’s milk. There is little information on the level and distribution of aflatoxin in raw milk samples from cows in the vicinity of Injibara Town. Therefore, it is important to analyze the level and distribution of aflatoxin in raw milk samples from cows in Injibara Town. Methods: This study is mainly a quantitative investigation of the amount of AFM1 in raw cow’s milk using the HPLC-FLD spectrometry methods. All the milk samples were collected using a random sampling technique method from different areas during the night and morning a day and the collected raw cow’s milk samples were stored in a clean polyethylene bag. Results: In the present study, a total of 324 raw cow’s milk samples were collected from farmers in Injibara town, and samples were analyzed in triplicate for AFM1 determination by HPLC-FLD. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in 3 (0.92 percent of whole samples) out of 324 samples with quantities ranging from 0.046 to 0.22 µg/L and a mean value of 0.121 µg/L. From 324 raw cow’s milk samples, two (0.62 %) were seen over and one sample (0.31 %) was below the permissible limits of EU and ES (0.05 µg/L. The most number of samples were not detected in AFM1 analysis. Conclusions: From this result conclude that two samples (0.096 and 0.22 μg/L) were over the EU (0.05μg/L) and ES (0.05μg/L) permitted levels and under analysis, one sample (0.046 μg/L) was below the standard limit in the USA (0.5 μg/L). The average contamination was 0.121µg/L and this data revealed that the raw cow’s milk is to a small extent contaminated with aflatoxins.
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