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Ecological disruptions and loss of productivity are foreseeable dangers facing Lake Abaya and the surrounding wetland. This in turn affected communities whose livelihood depends for fish and other Lake resources. The aim of the present study was to produce bioethanol from Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as an alternative energy feedstock for a win-win eco-sanitation approach to halt ecological disruption. The Water hyacinth sample was collected from Lake Abaya in Arba Minch and pretreated to get rid of mud and dirty wash debris. DNS method was used for estimating Reducing sugars in the sample using DNS (3, 5- Dinitrosalicyclic acid) reagent. Bioethanol was obtained by fermentation of hydrolyzed substrates using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and was analyzed using qualitatively (Dichromate and FTIR methods) and quantitatively (Spectroscopic and Specific gravity methods). Our results indicated that Higher reducing sugar production efficiency (671.00 ± 3.00) was observed at 6% H2SO4 concentration on 10g biomass load. Lowest reducing sugar was recorded after hydrolysis of 5g biomass in 4% sulfuric acid. A promising alcoholic content (95 % v/v) and the existence of bioethanol by a combustion test shows Water hyacinth are also good sources of bioethanol. Generally, the FTIR spectroscopic investigation Conclude the product obtained from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) through acid hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation was ethyl alcohol

Spices have been recognized to have medicinal properties. Among several spices and medicinal plants, black cumin and fenugreek are very common. Geographical, climatic, and cultivating soil type can change the chemical composition of these spices. The objective of this work is to determine proximate, phytochemical, and heavy metal content in black cumin and fenugreek cultivated in the Gamo zone, Ethiopia. The proximate composition (moisture, ash, fiber, fat, protein carbohydrate, and gross energy) was determined; their content (%) in black cumin is 6.98 ± 0.12 , 5.02 ± 2.9 , 6.90 ± 0.21 , 32.1 ± 0.68 , 20.9 ± 0.09 , 34.1 ± 0.73 , and 498 ± 4.4 , respectively, and 6.30 ± 0.35 , 4.27 ± 0.17 , 9.36 ± 0.25 , 12.8 ± 0.41 , 30.8 ± 0.09 , 46.1 ± 0.52 , and 422 ± 1.6 , respectively, in fenugreek. The total means of phenolic flavonoids and alkaloids in black cumin are 193 ± 5.3   mg   GAE / 100   g , 87.6 ± 4.3   mg   QE / 100   g , and 69.4 ± 4.7   mg   AE / 100   g , respectively, and 382 ± 11   mg   GAE / 100   g , 123 ± 3.6   mg   QE / 100   g , and 37.6 ± 2.2   mg   AE / 100   g , respectively, in fenugreek. In black cumin and fenugreek collected from Kamba, Daramalo, and Dita woredas, nine heavy metals were determined by using FAAS. The total mean concentrations in mg/kg for detected heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Co) in black cumin are 78.5 ± 5.9 , 27.3 ± 1.5 , 3.06 ± 0.26 , 8.47 ± 0.22 , and 10.1 ± 0.37 , respectively, and Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cd were not detected in black cumin. Similarly, the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, and Ni in fenugreek are 168 ± 5.2 , 14.8 ± 0.20 , 4.76 ± 0.1 , 13.7 ± 0.40 , 3.66 ± 0.21 , and 2.12 ± 0.03 , respectively, and Cr, Pb, and Cd were not detected in fenugreek. All the results of determined parameters were compared to previous studies, and the values were in agreement with slight variations. Therefore, black cumin and fenugreek cultivated in the Gamo zone were free from heavy metal toxicity.

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