Male adult rats, with established drinking patterns, were given the choice of saline or tap water to drink, immediately after adrenal enucleation. Both saline and water were taken, but by the 6th day after operation the rats had returned to drinking predominantly tap water. The adrenals at this stage showed a small compact cortex, no distinguishable zona glomerulosa, and they appeared to be composed for the most part of cells in 'fascicles'. Adrenalectomized animals chose saline, drinking more and more pari passu with time. Other short-term enucleated animals were injected with ACTH, and the tendency for the regenerating cortex to form in 'fascicles' was very pronounced.In this paper animals are considered in which the adrenal had been enucleated for only a short time. As only a few cells, presumably from the zona glomerulosa, are left adhering to the outer connective tissue capsule after the enucleation procedure, it was thought that, as these cells re-formed the cortex, some correlation between changing structure and function might be found. Following Richter [1936], it was established that bilaterally adrenalectomized animals would prefer drinking sodium chloride solution to tap water. Animals with enucleated adrenals were offered this choice. The results are described in this paper, together with the histology of the short-term enucleated adrenal. MATERIALS AND METHODSAdult male rats were used. They were fed with Aberdeen rat cake and tap water ad lib., except where otherwise indicated, and kept at a temperature of between 75 and 81°F. (I) Selection experimentsA group of normal rats, placed in individual cages, was offered both 1 % NaCl and tap water to drink. The drinking fluids were placed in similar bottles, the posi¬ tions of which were changed daily. The amount of saline and water drunk per 24 hr period was noted. Eighteen animals which settled down to a regular routine were chosen for further study. Six continued untreated as normal controls, six were bilaterally adrenalectomized, and in six the right adrenal was removed and the left enucleated. The amount of saline and water drunk per 24 hr was noted as before. The animals remained on Aberdeen rat cake throughout the experiments. When the animals with enucleated adrenals had reverted to a drinking pattern similar to that
Cocoa and dark chocolate have among the highest antioxidant concentrations compared to other antioxidant food sources. This study examines if dark chocolate protects against the risk of cardiovascular disease by improving endothelial function and if bloomed chocolate attenuates those effects. Thirty one healthy adults were randomly assigned to consume 50 grams per day of either dark chocolate (70% cocoa), bloomed dark chocolate (70% cocoa), or white chocolate (0% cocoa) for 15 days. A blood lipid profile, glucose, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), blood pressure, and forearm skin blood flow were measured on day 1 and day 15. Dark chocolate consumption did not significantly lower blood pressure, skin blood flow, or body fat. White chocolate consumption for 15 days reduced basal skin blood flow (p=0.010). Both dark chocolate groups, bloomed or not, significantly lowered glucose (p=0.021) and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p=0.033) levels and significantly increased high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p=0.002) levels compared to the white chocolate group. Endothelial function components may improve with a longer duration of dark chocolate consumption. A larger and long term study with dark chocolate consumption remains to be needed. Supported by SDSU UGP and NUTR 302L class.
Korean Americans are one of the fastest growing Asian populations in the US; more than 1.4 million Koreans live in the US. The purpose of this study was to compare health practices of Korean American and non‐Asian American adults (30 years and older). Cross‐sectional surveys using a validated food frequency and general health questionnaire including exercise habits, dietary practices, and body image was carried out in 242 Korean Americans and 261 Americans in San Diego and Los Angeles. Korean Americans reported lower body mass indexes (BMI) (22.35 vs. 25.31), body weights, and healthier body images than Americans (p < 0.001). Paradoxically, more Americans participated in structured exercise (p < 0.001). Compared to the Korean Americans who did participate in structured exercise, Americans exercised for longer bouts (p < 0.001). Korean American adults still prefer traditional Korean foods. Americans may feel they can eat more because they exercise. Additionally, poor dietary choices may negate the benefits of exercise. This study points to important discrepancies in health advocacy. Further research examining the importance of dietary components and overall energy intake is warranted.
High levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) omega‐3 fatty acids are found in most fish oil and have demonstrated favorable cardiovascular health benefits with regular consumption. Increasing evidence suggests that fish may contain high levels of environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). What is unclear is if the presence of PCBs in a fish oil supplement attenuates the benefits observed with cardiovascular health. This study examined the effect of fish oil contaminated with PCB (4000ng/ml fat) as compared to regular fish oil on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Thirty Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into three groups and fed corn oil (CO), fish oil (FO), or contaminated fish oil (PCB) for nine weeks. The FO and PCB groups had significantly lower total TG, LDL‐cholesterol, and C‐reactive protein, and higher HDL‐cholesterol than the CO group (P<0.05). The FO group had lower values of lactate dehydrogenase in comparison to CO and PCB groups (P<0.05). These findings suggest that contaminated fish oil does not significantly affect cardiovascular health markers as compared to non‐contaminated fish oil. While PCB alone may affect human health, it may not adversely affect the physiological properties of fish oil. Longer duration and higher levels of contamination may benefit future studies. Supported by SDSU UGP and SDSU NUTR 302L class.
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