Objective:We observed recently that a third of asymptomatic individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) showed signs of cerebral small-vessel disease in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here, we aimed to explore the relationship between an easily applicable quantitative measure of retinal vessel diameters (RVD) and cerebrovascular changes in these individuals.Design and method:We included 188 individuals with type 1 diabetes and 30 healthy sex and age matched (49% males, median age 40 years) controls. Any neurological signs or symptoms were exclusion criteria. All subjects underwent a clinical and biochemical work-up, as well as brain MRI. Both retinas were phenotyped by measuring the width of all vessels located 0.5 to 1.0 disc diameters from the disc margin by a computer-assisted method (IVAN software). Summarized estimates for central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) represented average retinal vessel diameters. The arteriole-to-venule ratio (AVR) was calculated as an additional estimate of early retinal vascular pathology. Associations between blood pressure (BP), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), white-matter hyperintensities (Fazekas classification), and CRAE, CRVE, and AVR were assessed with non-parametric tests and linear regression models.Results:No difference in CRAE, CRVE, or AVR were found between individuals with type 1 diabetes and controls. An expected correlation between BP and CRAE (p = 0.01) was observed. Median AVR was lower among individuals with T1D and cerebral microbleeds (p = 0.02) compared to those without. A correlation between AVR and the number of CMBs (p = 0.035) was also found. Further, median CRAE was lower among those with > 10 CMBs (p = 0.039) compared to those without. We observed no correlations between RVD and white-matter hyperintensities.Conclusions:Individuals with CMBs had lower CRAE and AVR suggesting that early vascular changes in the retinal are indicative of cerebrovascular pathology in middle aged individuals with T1D.
IntroductionDiabetic neuropathy and diabetic eye disease are well known complications of type 1 diabetes. We hypothesized that chronic hyperglycemia also damages the optic tract, which can be measured using routine magnetic resonance imaging. Our aim was to compare morphological differences in the optic tract between individuals with type 1 diabetes and healthy control subjects. Associations between optic tract atrophy and metabolic measures, cerebrovascular and microvascular diabetic complications were further studied among individuals with type 1 diabetes.MethodsWe included 188 subjects with type 1 diabetes and 30 healthy controls, all recruited as part of the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study. All participants underwent a clinical examination, biochemical work-up, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two different raters manually measured the optic tract.ResultsThe coronal area of the optic chiasm was smaller among those with type 1 diabetes compared to non-diabetic controls (median area 24.7 [21.0-28.5] vs 30.0 [26.7-33.3] mm2, p<0.001). In participants with type 1 diabetes, a smaller chiasmatic area was associated with duration of diabetes, glycated hemoglobin, and body mass index. Diabetic eye disease, kidney disease, neuropathy and the presence of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in brain MRI were associated with smaller chiasmatic size (p<0.05 for all).ConclusionIndividuals with type 1 diabetes had smaller optic chiasms than healthy controls, suggesting that diabetic neurodegenerative changes extend to the optic nerve tract. This hypothesis was further supported by the association of smaller chiasm with chronic hyperglycemia, duration of diabetes, diabetic microvascular complications, as well as and CMBs in individuals with type 1 diabetes.
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