Women with GDM may be at increased risk of PPDS. Future studies should investigate whether these women would benefit from a closer follow-up and possible supportive interventions during pregnancy and the postpartum period to avoid PPDS.

Objective. Peripartum depression (PPD) pertaining to depression in pregnancy and postpartum is one of the most common complications around childbirth with enduring adverse effects on mother and child health. Although psychiatric symptoms may improve or worsen over time, relatively little is known about the course of PPD symptoms and possible fluctuations. Methods. We applied a person-centered approach to examine PPD symptom patterns across pregnancy and childbirth. 824 women were assessed at three time points: first trimester (T1), third trimester (T2), and again at eight weeks (T3) postpartum. We assessed PPD symptoms, maternal mental health history, and childbirth variables. Results. Growth mixture modeling (GMM) analysis revealed four discrete PPD symptom trajectory classes including chronic PPD (1.1%), delayed (10.2%), recovered (7.2%), and resilient (81.5%). Delivery complications were associated with chronic PPD but also with the recovered PPD trajectory class. History of mental health disorders was associated with chronic PPD and the delayed PPD class. Conclusion. The findings underscore that significant changes in a woman's depression level can occur across pregnancy and childbirth. While a minority of women experience chronic PDD, for others depression symptoms appear to significantly alleviate over time, suggesting a form of recovery. Our findings support a personalized medicine approach based on the woman's symptom trajectory. Future research is warranted to identify the mechanisms underlying modifications in PPD symptoms severity and those implicated in recovery.

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Objective: Type II diabetes is a chronic disease and a serious global public health concern increasing both mortality and morbidity. Previous studies have found evidence for an association between early psychological stress and diabetes later in life.Methods: This study examined the association between parental alcohol problems and parental divorce, and the incidence of type II diabetes in Finnish men aged 42-61 years (n = 754), using a prospective setting.Information on parental alcohol problems and parental divorce was derived from school records, and subjective experiences of the same events from self-rated questionnaires. The average follow-up time for the participants until the first type II diabetes diagnosis was 23.3 years (25 th -75 th percentile 21.2-27.9 y).Results: Cox regression analyses revealed that parental alcohol problems (HR 3.09, 95% CI: 1.38-6.88) were associated with an increased risk of type II diabetes during the follow-up, even after adjustment for age, marital status, education, Human Population Laboratory (HPL) Depression Scale scores, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. In a similar model, parental divorce (HR 1.69, 95% CI: 0.40-7.05) was not associated with an increased risk of type II diabetes during the follow-up. Conclusions:Our findings suggest that not all ACEs contribute equally to the risk of type II diabetes. Parental alcohol problems, but not parental divorce, were associated with an increased risk of type II diabetes in men. These findings highlight the need for early interventions targeting parents with excessive alcohol consumption to reduce their offspring's risk of lifestyle-related disorders.

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