In 2022, the foresters of our country are celebrating the 140th anniversary of the scientific, pedagogical, industrial and social activities of Professor Alexander Vladimirovich Tyurin. A.V. Tyurin worked in Voronezh for 24 years, foresters note the meaningful, fruitful life of a forester, scientist, educator of youth. Created with his participation, the Voronezh Higher Forestry School gradually transformed into a large forestry university of federal significance. He was characterized by broad erudition, benevolence, a sensitive attitude towards people - this is the attractive force that attracted him to solve complex problems (his students recall). Many dozens of works capture the thoughts of a veteran of Russian forestry. The work "Fundamentals of economy in pine forests" entered the treasury of classic works on forestry; Tables of the progress of plantation growth are widely used by every practical arborist and serve as a standard for comparison in the study of the structure of stands by arborists-scientists.
We consider poplar selection systems in connection with their reproduction systems. Poplar is a model object on which it is possible to test all known systems for the selection of woody plants. Positive selection and synthetic selection methods (hybridization, mutagenesis, polyploidy, genetic engineering, biotechnology) effectively “work” on poplar. Poplar is propagated by seed, vegetative and in vitro biotechnology. Amphimixis or seed propagation of poplar is used to create hybrid seed plantations, for example white poplar × aspen. In natural poplar populations, spontaneous hybridization occurs, leading to the emergence of new species. The ability to vegetatively propagate poplar successfully solves the problem of plus breeding: selected best biotypes are propagated by in vitro grafting, cuttings or regenerants, and plantation cultures are created. Synthetic breeding methods: hybridization is widely used on poplar; dozens of poplar hybrids for forest crops and landscaping have been obtained; Induced mutants and polyploids are obtained. Breeders get their first genetically modified forms using genetic engineering. By microcloning, economically valuable individuals are propagated and regenerants are used to create forest crops and landscaping.
An assortment of introduced and local selection of pyramidal poplars in the landscaping of Voronezh is presented. The growth and condition of the Soviet pyramidal poplar, Yablokov's poplar, and Balsamichesky improved selection by A.S. Yablokova; Bolle Kamyshinsky, Pyramidal-sedge-bore Kamyshinsky selection A.V. Albensky; hybrids white poplar × poplar Bolle, selection by V.P. Petrukhnova; poplar selection A.P. Tsarev trees grow in the populetum of the Semiluksky forest nursery, the black pyramidal poplar. The height of individual poplars reaches 35 m. The condition of the poplars of the White true section at the age of 65 is good, the condition of balsamic and black hybrid poplars is satisfactory.
Information on the genetic structure of populations of forest tree plants is the basis for assessing the genetic po-tential of the species. These studies are particularly relevant for economically valuable species and species occupying extensive areas, like larch. Accurate information about the genetic structure of populations, the level of their genetic variability, the nature of its distribution within the range allows us to designate measures aimed at preserving the genet-ic resources of the species for the use in the country's economy and reproduction. During the analysis of electrophoretic spectra of the products of amplification of six nuclear microsatellite loci 42 allelic variants have been identified. An estimation of the genetic polymorphism of the population structure of forest plantations of Sukachev’s larch from the seeds of the Sverdlovsk region by microsatellite analysis for 6 pairs of pri-mers is given.
Тополь сереющий является спонтанным гибридом тополя белого и осины. Высокая гетерозиготность гибридного тополя обусловила появление многочисленных форм. В местах совместного произрастания тополя белого и осины противоположного пола отсутствие изоляционных барьеров для гибридизации приводит к возникновению гибридогенного вида-тополя сереющего. Искусственные гибриды тополь белый×осина имеют сходство с естественными гибридами. Тополя-растения двудомные. Наиболее устойчивыми оказались гибриды, когда в качестве материнской особи выступает тополь белый, а в качестве опыления-осина. В Хоперском государственном природном заповеднике автором статьи в 1976 г. впервые в Европе выявлена аллотриплоидная форма тополя сереющего, изучение которой вносит огромный вклад в теорию интрогрессивных гибридов тополей, цитогенетический механизм образования аллотриплоидов. В пойме Дона (Давыдовское лесничество) выявлена исполинская форма тополя сереющего, в 20 лет у неё насчитывали преобладание триплоидных клеток, а в 40 лет триплоидные клетки сохранились до 8 % только в почках верхней части кроны. Наблюдается онтогенетическая изменчивость числа хромосом в клетках разных частей кроны дерева. Практическая значимость этих ценных форм тополя заключается в их использовании для плантационного и защитного лесоразведения, как наиболее продуктивных и устойчивых к биотическим и абиотическим факторам среды. Многолетние исследования роста древостоев клоновых микропопуляций тополя сереющего в сравнении с осиной показали значительное превышение продуктивности тополя над осиной. Эти уникальные формы зарегистрированы как сорта: тополь сереющий Хоперский 1 и тополь сереющий Приярский. Ключевые слова: аллотриплоид тополя сереющего, цитогенетический механизм возникновения миксоплоидов, сорт тополя, размножение и плантационное выращивание тополя Хоперский 1 и Приярский
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