The Dzhidinsky orefield is located in the Zakamensky district of Buryatia. It is characterized by a high concentration of mineralization in a small area. The ores of the Dzhidinsky economic deposits are complex. This ore field includes Pervomaiskoye Mo, Kholtosonskoe W, and Inkurskoe W deposits. The catchment basin of the river Modonkul is located in the Dzhidinsky orefield. Mineral resource industry waste is a real threat to the city Zakamensk. Currently, the waste of deposits is located at the floodplain terrace and the watershed of the river Modonkul. In this work, the impact of the drainage mine and tributary Inkur on the formation chemical composition of the river Modonkul is studied. The 80 samples of water and suspended matter were taken from a surface of 0–0.5 m on seven sites. Physical and chemical parameters were measured at the sampling sites, and chemical composition was analyzed in the laboratory. In the natural background of the river, the major cations are, in decreasing order, Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ + K+, and major anions are, also in decreasing order, HCO3− > SO42− > Cl−. Along the river, the chemical type of water changes from bicarbonate to sulfate across the sulfate-bicarbonate or bicarbonate-sulfate class and from calcium-magnesium across sodium-calcium-magnesium reverse calcium-magnesium group. Total dissolved solids (TDS) increase by a factor of 4.0–4.7 between the upper and mouth of the river. The dissolved and suspended loads were studied in the mixing zone of acid mine and river water. The different hydrochemistry characteristics may result from Fe, Al, and Mn hydroxide precipitation. The pH values and dissolved oxygen cycles could change the uptake of heavy metals on suspended iron and manganese oxides, and the mechanism of removing it in water. River particulates have the potential of regulating heavy metal inputs to aquatic systems from pollution. The ore elements or the heavy metals are removed from the water in two ways: by the runoff of Modonkul and the sedimentation of suspended material at the bottom. The inflow of mine water into the Modonkul river leads to the rare earth elements (REEs) composition with negative cerium and positive europium anomalies.
The paper presents the results of observations of the spatial variability of the chemical composition of the river Modonkul. According to these observations, the chemical composition changes from bicarbonate calcium-magnesium in the upper part of the river through sulfate-calcium-sodium (and other transitional differences) to sulfate-calcium-magnesium type in the river's mouth. Redistribution of dissolved and suspended forms of migration heavy metals occurs in the alkaline environment in river Modonkul. The data of the content rare earth elements in water river are obtained.Keywords: acid mine, change of the chemical type of water, alkaline barrier, precipitation of hydroxides, sorption of heavy metals
Selenge River is a transboundary river, which rises in the Khanghai Mountains in Mongolia and flows into the Lake Baikal in the Republic of Buryatia (Russia). We studied the Selenga River basin (446 000 km 2) located in western Siberia (Transbaikalia, Russia), and northern and central Mongolia between the Tuva-Mongol and Dzabkhan microcontinents in the west, the Siberia craton in the north and the Amurian superterrane in the south. Water resources are very limited in this basin because annual precipitation is only 250-400 mm. Moreover, 90% of annual precipitation occurs in summer, which causes frequent flooding in summer and severe shortage of water during the rest of the year. The transition from a planned economy to a market economy has resulted in inefficiently operated wastewater treatment systems which pollute the river, and reckless deforestation have increased non-point pollution sources on the lower Selenge River in Russia. Recent years, in the structure of industrial water consumption than 50% of withdrawn water was used by the mining industry in Mongolia. The mining enterprises are located in watershed of small tributaries the second order of the Selenge River. In this work we present current state of the Selenge River chemistry and estimate heavy metal pollution. From 2004, the requirement of federal law of Russia «On the protection of lake Baikal» the new variant of regional norms MAC (Maximum Allowable Concentration) were elaborated. The concentration of the main polluting substances were compared with norms MAC. The dissolved concentrations of major, trees elements, and REE, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have been measured in Selenge River draining watersheds with various surface areas. Measured pH for all sampling sites were within the standard range for river water, which is between 6 and 9, meantime had the highest measured pH 9.2 that may be due to anthropogenic impact. The total dissolved load (TDS) is 108-297 mg l-1. Mongolian and Russian part of Selenge River having different drainage areas and hydrological parameters were sampled over a 6-year period. Collected data show that the river present the same monthly seasonal variations, with higher concentrations in winter and lower concentrations during other seasons. In waters, DOC and insoluble element concentrations (e.g., Al, Fe, and Th) were strongly correlated which show the key role of organic colloidal matter in the transport of some insoluble elements.
Lake Gusinoe is the second largest freshwater lake in Transbaikalia. Lakes serve as a source for drinking water, irrigation, and as a water source for the electricity, aquatic production, and tourism industry. Currently variations of content nutrients and organic matter differ in different areas of the lake. The content of total nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, and dissolved oxygen are distinguished more than 1.2–2.0 times. In accordance with the behavior of elements in the water, three groups of elements can be distinguished. The first group of elements, including Li, Ga, Ge, As, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, W, and U, were directly correlated with variations of major elements. The first group of elements showed decreasing concentrations with an increasing amount of total dissolved salt (TDS). The second group of elements, including Fe, Y, Nb, Th, and REE, were correlated oppositely with variations of TDS. The behavior of the third group of elements, including Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Pb, decoupled with TDS. The value of the Eu anomaly was positively correlated with TDS. The water of Lake Gusinoe was extremely enriched by W, Mo, V, U, Li, Sr, and Ga; moderately by Ni, Cu, Ge, As, Rb, Cd, and Pb; and minimally by Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Y, Th, and REE.
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