Highlights d A standardized, ultra-high-throughput clinical platform for serum and plasma proteomics d Platform enables high precision quantification of 180 human proteomes per day at low cost d 27 biomarkers are differentially expressed between WHO severity grades for COVID-19 d Biomarkers include proteins not previously associated with COVID-19 infection

The association between metabolic interactions and co-occurrence in microbial communities has been addressed in a previous study (40). That study, based on models of binary communities, found that co-occurring communities could be distinguished from the niche-associated ones by increased competition, but not by cooperation. In contrast, we show, by simulating higher-order communities (to better represent ecological complexity) and without resorting to a growth optimality assumption (for which there is yet little evidence), that metabolic dependency is a hallmark of species co-occurrence. The distinction of co-occurring groups is evident in comparison to random assemblies as well as to habitatfiltered background. This further allowed us to carry out comprehensive simulations identifying metabolites that preferentially connect co-occurring species."The complete reference appears below. www.pnas.org/cgi

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