Physiological processes occur in accordance with a rhythm regulated by the endogenous biological clock. This clock is programmed at the molecular level and synchronized with the daily light–dark cycle, as well as activities such as feeding, exercise, and social interactions. It consists of the core clock genes, Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Protein Kaput (CLOCK) and Brain and Muscle Arnt-Like protein 1 (BMAL1), and their products, the period (PER) and cryptochrome (CRY) proteins, as well as an interlocked feedback loop which includes reverse-strand avian erythroblastic leukemia (ERBA) oncogene receptors (REV-ERBs) and retinoic acid-related orphan receptors (RORs). These genes are involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways and hormone release. Therefore, circadian rhythm disruption leads to development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS refers to a cluster of risk factors (RFs), which are not only associated with the development of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD), but also with increased all-cause mortality. In this review, we consider the importance of the circadian rhythm in the regulation of metabolic processes, the significance of circadian misalignment in the pathogenesis of MetS, and the management of MetS in relation to the cellular molecular clock.
A comprehensive understanding of the secular trends in physical activity of children and adolescents is necessary for public health, due to the significant impact of this factor on health. Regardless of body weight, cardiorespiratory endurance in children is associated with multiple metabolic risk factors, and adolescents with low values of cardiorespiratory endurance are more likely to develop hypertension in adulthood, even with a normal body mass index. The level of motor abilities during childhood and adolescence has been identified as a significant factor influencing the overall daily level of physical activity and maintaining normal body weight values in adulthood. Physical education classes should play a key role in improving the physical activity of children and adolescents because they represent a social impact that encompasses the widest part of the population of the appropriate chronological age. Promoting a healthy lifestyle through finding effective ways to maintain physical activity, within the recommended limits for children and adolescents, is essential for the future of the population and has a tremendous economic, social and demographic impact on the future of each country.
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