Photosynthesis is one of the main processes involved in plant growth and development. This process is sensitive to environmental stressors, including cadmium environment contamination. Therefore, this study investigated, among other things, the effect of cadmium on the fluorescence of photosynthesis parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence; moreover, as the chlorophyll and carotenoids contents were measured. The toxic effect of cadmium on the growth, development, and photosynthesis process was confirmed. In order to study the cadmium binding mechanism by the plant, the first step was to verify the cadmium quantification method with ICP-Q-MS. It was shown that selecting the m/z spectral line: 114; gave a lower background and higher sensitivity for the determination of cadmium in a solution than when selecting 112. The limits of detection and quantification are 2.2 and 7.5 ng/L, respectively, and the method is linear in the investigated concentration range (range up to 100 µg/L). The method of the microwave assisted mineralization in the preparation of a plant sample was shown to meet the requirements of accuracy (recovery with the certified reference material 98%) and repeatability (0.13% in five repetitions). Root and shoot samples of pea were examined and the accumulation of cadmium especially in the roots was found, which proves the excludable properties of the plant.
Krzem (Si) jest pierwiastkiem występującym w dużych ilościach w skorupie ziemskiej. Niektóre rośliny, takie jak pszenica pobierają Si z gleby i akumulują go w swoich tkankach w większych ilościach niż np. groch czy lucerna. Co ciekawe, suplementacja krzemem wpływa na zwiększenie plonu tych roślin. Ponadto, w wielu przypadkach Si niweluje negatywne skutki działania stresów biotycznych i abiotycznych, co wskazuje na uruchomienie w roślinach procesów, być może poprzez produkcję związków o charakterze regeneracyjnym lub obronnym. Z drugiej strony pszenica, groch i lucerna są roślinami o znanych właściwościach cytotoksycznych. Poszukiwanie związków bioaktywnych pochodzenia roślinnego o potencjalnie pozytywnym wpływie, jest zagadnieniem o dużym znaczeniu zarówno poznawczym jak i praktycznym, ze względu na możliwość wykorzystania takich związków w leczeniu wielu chorób człowieka. Prezentowana praca przedstawia aktualny stan wiedzy na temat pobierania, transportu oraz efektów suplementacji krzemem roślin poddawanych stresom biotycznym i abiotycznym oraz właściwości cytotoksycznych pszenicy, grochu i lucerny. Słowa kluczowe: krzem, pszenica, groch, lucerna, stresy biotyczne i abiotyczne, cytotoksyczność
This review describes the role of silicon (Si) in plants. Methods of silicon determination and speciation are also reported. The mechanisms of Si uptake by plants, silicon fractions in the soil, and the participation of flora and fauna in the Si cycle in terrestrial ecosystems have been overviewed. Plants of Fabaceae (especially Pisum sativum L. and Medicago sativa L.) and Poaceae (particularly Triticum aestivum L.) families with different Si accumulation capabilities were taken into consideration to describe the role of Si in the alleviation of the negative effects of biotic and abiotic stresses. The article focuses on sample preparation, which includes extraction methods and analytical techniques. The methods of isolation and the characterization of the Si-based biologically active compounds from plants have been overviewed. The antimicrobial properties and cytotoxic effects of known bioactive compounds obtained from pea, alfalfa, and wheat were also described.
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